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Ostium

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uuid0000iu2

Namestring
Ostium
Legal namestring
Ostium Labs Co.
Websiteurl
ostium.com
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
2023
Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
11–50
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersNew York, United States
HQ citystring
New York
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
decentralized perpetual futures, real-world asset trading, onchain derivatives exchange, self-custodial crypto trading, leveraged RWA perpetuals
Industry3 codes
1FSADABAE
CodeFSADABAEPrimaryYes
2FSADAMAB
CodeFSADAMABPrimaryNo
3FSADABAK
CodeFSADABAKPrimaryNo
NAICS code2 codes
  • 5231
  • 523
SIC code2 codes
  • 6200
  • 6221
Product category
Decentralized Perpetual Futures Exchange
Social media profiles2 records
GTM motion2 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model2 records
1Trading Fees
TypeTransaction Fee
Description

Ostium generates revenue through trading fees on perpetual futures contracts executed on its platform. Users trade with leverage on stocks, commodities, and forex with fees assessed per trade.

ostium.com
2Funding Rate Swaps
TypeTransaction Fee
Description

Revenue generated from funding rate swaps between long and short positions in perpetual contracts, a standard mechanism in perpetual futures markets.

ostium.com
Marketing channels6 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels2 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Technology or R&D, Personnel, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure, Operations
Pricing details1 tier
1Standard trading access via self-serve platform
ModelTransaction based/ take rateBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Fee structure not publicly disclosed - quote-based model with trading fees assessed per transaction

ostium.com
GTM typeB2C
B2C
Offering typeSoftware
Software
Core offering1 text field

Ostium operates a decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on the Arbitrum layer 2 blockchain, enabling self-custodial leveraged trading of real-world assets—including stocks, commodities, indices, and forex—directly from a crypto wallet without brokers or custodians. The platform features a custom pull-based RWA oracle (with QUODD and Nasdaq TotalView market data), a dual-pool shared liquidity layer, unified gas-free accounts, and a decentralized execution layer with institutional hedging partners. Ostium has processed over $25 billion in cumulative trading volume.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 3 values shown
  • $25 billion+ in total trading volume for commodities and other real-world assets
+2 more records
Product overview1 text field

Ostium is a decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on the Arbitrum layer 2 blockchain, offering a unified platform for trading Real World Assets (stocks, commodities, forex, indices) with perpetual futures. The core product is the Ostium Protocol, which enables self-custodial, broker-free trading of synthetic perpetual contracts directly from a crypto wallet. The platform consists of the core trading interface (app.ostium.com), a unified accounts system, a vault-based Earn module for liquidity provision, a Referrals program, and a Protocol Explorer for on-chain transparency. The architecture includes a custom pull-based RWA oracle (partnered with Stork and Chainlink), automated keeper systems via Gelato Functions, and a dual-pool liquidity solution. The platform was founded by two Harvard graduates and is backed by General Catalyst, Jump Crypto, and other leading investors, having raised a total of $27.8M in funding.

Product and service6 records
1Ostium Core Protocol (Perpetual Futures Exchange)
CategoryCore Decentralized Exchange Protocol
Description

A decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on Arbitrum that enables self-custodial leveraged trading of stocks, commodities, indices, and forex directly from a crypto wallet with no broker or custodian. Offers synthetic perpetual contracts for real-world assets with over $25B in cumulative trading volume.

2Earn / Vault
CategoryYield / Liquidity Provision
Description

A liquidity provision feature where users deposit assets into vaults to earn yield, supporting the platform's Shared Liquidity Layer (Liquidity Buffer and Market Making Vault).

3Referrals Program
CategoryUser Acquisition Program
Description

A referral program enabling users to invite others to trade on the platform, with rewards or points for participants.

4Protocol Explorer (ostiscan.xyz)
CategoryOn-chain Analytics Tool
Description

An open, auditable interface for tracking every trade, deposit, and withdrawal on the Ostium protocol, supporting the platform's full on-chain transparency claim.

5Decentralized Execution Layer
CategoryInstitutional Liquidity Infrastructure
Description

Institutional off-chain liquidity hedging layer enabling institutional-grade liquidity providers to hedge positions taken on the Ostium on-chain protocol, combining DeFi transparency with institutional liquidity.

6Nasdaq-Powered Equity Perpetuals
CategoryEquity Perpetuals
Description

The first onchain trading venue to offer equity perpetual products powered by Nasdaq TotalView order depth and Net Order Imbalance Indicator data, enabling institutional-grade equity pricing in on-chain perpetual futures.

Scale indicator5 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership7 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2026-07-05
Description

Nasdaq joined Pyth Data Marketplace as a publisher, making TotalView order depth and Net Order Imbalance Indicator data available across 100+ blockchains. Ostium is the first onchain venue to offer equity perpetual products powered by Nasdaq data.

Strategic tierSupportingTypeGTM or Marketing PartnerAnnounced on2026-05-26
Description

Liquid embedded Ostium as one of the trading venues in its Co-Invest product that embeds market analysis and trade execution in ChatGPT and Claude, supporting over 500 markets.

Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2026-04-28
Description

Ostium launched a decentralized execution layer with Jump and others as hedging partners, providing institutional off-chain liquidity for the platform.

Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2026-02-25
Description

QUODD provides real-time equities, FX, and commodities data as a core input into Ostium's oracle infrastructure, enabling institutional-grade pricing for on-chain trading of real-world assets. Ostium sources pricing directly from traditional markets rather than rebuilding liquidity on-chain.

Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2024-07-26
Description

Node infrastructure partner for custom pull-based RWA oracle, providing price feeds for real-world assets on the platform.

Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2024-07-26
Description

Provides crypto price feeds as part of the dual oracle infrastructure alongside Stork for RWA oracle needs.

Strategic tierSupportingTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2024-07-26
Description

Gelato Functions provides automated keeper systems for protocol operations and execution on Ostium.

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight6 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

The dominant decentralized perpetuals exchange by volume, operating its own app-chain with a central-limit-order-book design. Most directly comparable to Ostium in product category (on-chain perps) and target user (crypto-native leverage traders).

TypeDirect peer
Description

Pioneer decentralized perpetuals exchange, now on its own Cosmos app-chain (dYdX v4). Direct competitor for on-chain leveraged trading with an order-book model and similarly targets sophisticated crypto traders.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Decentralized perpetuals and options exchange built on an EVM rollup, listing both crypto and equity perps (pre-IPO and listed stocks). Highly comparable to Ostium given its RWA-equity perpetuals offering and similar institutional backers.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Decentralized leveraged trading protocol (gTrade) offering perpetuals on synthetic assets including crypto, forex, and stocks. Directly competes with Ostium in the on-chain synthetic-RWA perpetuals category.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Solana-based decentralized perpetuals exchange with a central-limit-order-book, offering leveraged trading of crypto and synthetic assets. Comparable as an alternative L1/L2 perpetuals DEX targeting the same crypto-native trader base.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Decentralized perpetuals exchange focused on simplified UX and gas-free trading. Competes head-to-head with Ostium for crypto-native retail traders seeking self-custodial leveraged exposure.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Emerging zero-fee perpetuals DEX on Ethereum L2 with institutional-grade matching infrastructure. Comparable to Ostium's gas-free, low-fee positioning and competes for the same self-custodial perps flow.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Decentralized perpetuals infrastructure layer powering multiple front-ends, offering unified cross-margin accounts. Comparable in providing the on-chain perps engine that white-label venues and aggregators route to, similar to how Ostium is embedded inside Liquid.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Leading tokenized-treasury and RWA platform offering tokenized exposure to traditional assets. Adjacent competitor in the broader RWA-on-chain theme; not a perps venue but competes for institutional RWA flows and partnerships.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Named explicitly by Ostium as a competitor it is trying to displace in the offshore CFD market. Comparable as a multi-asset retail trading platform offering equities, commodities, and FX with leverage — though fully custodial and regulated.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile3 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
Yes
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

Integration2 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Description, Source

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature6 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles2 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds3 records

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors12 records

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Ostium

Decentralized Perpetual Futures Exchangeostium.com

Ostium firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Ostium
Legal name
Ostium Labs Co.
Website
https://ostium.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
2023
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
11–50 employees
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where Ostium is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
New York
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices1 record

Markets served

Ostium business model

Business model
GTM type
B2C
Offering type
Software
Cost components
Technology or R&D, Personnel, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure, Operations

Revenue model

  1. Trading Fees: Ostium generates revenue through trading fees on perpetual futures contracts executed on its platform. Users trade with leverage on stocks, commodities, and forex with fees assessed per trade.
  2. Funding Rate Swaps: Revenue generated from funding rate swaps between long and short positions in perpetual contracts, a standard mechanism in perpetual futures markets.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
Transaction based/ take ratePay-as-you-goStandard trading access via self-serve platform

Go-to-market motion2 records

Distribution channels2 records

Marketing channels6 records

Ostium product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Ostium operates a decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on the Arbitrum layer 2 blockchain, enabling self-custodial leveraged trading of real-world assets—including stocks, commodities, indices, and forex—directly from a crypto wallet without brokers or custodians. The platform features a custom pull-based RWA oracle (with QUODD and Nasdaq TotalView market data), a dual-pool shared liquidity layer, unified gas-free accounts, and a decentralized execution layer with institutional hedging partners. Ostium has processed over $25 billion in cumulative trading volume.

Product overview

Ostium is a decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on the Arbitrum layer 2 blockchain, offering a unified platform for trading Real World Assets (stocks, commodities, forex, indices) with perpetual futures. The core product is the Ostium Protocol, which enables self-custodial, broker-free trading of synthetic perpetual contracts directly from a crypto wallet. The platform consists of the core trading interface (app.ostium.com), a unified accounts system, a vault-based Earn module for liquidity provision, a Referrals program, and a Protocol Explorer for on-chain transparency. The architecture includes a custom pull-based RWA oracle (partnered with Stork and Chainlink), automated keeper systems via Gelato Functions, and a dual-pool liquidity solution. The platform was founded by two Harvard graduates and is backed by General Catalyst, Jump Crypto, and other leading investors, having raised a total of $27.8M in funding.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • Ostium Core Protocol (Perpetual Futures Exchange) A decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on Arbitrum that enables self-custodial leveraged trading of stocks, commodities, indices, and forex directly from a crypto wallet with no broker or custodian. Offers synthetic perpetual contracts for real-world assets with over $25B in cumulative trading volume.
  • Earn / Vault A liquidity provision feature where users deposit assets into vaults to earn yield, supporting the platform's Shared Liquidity Layer (Liquidity Buffer and Market Making Vault).
  • Referrals Program A referral program enabling users to invite others to trade on the platform, with rewards or points for participants.
  • Protocol Explorer (ostiscan.xyz) An open, auditable interface for tracking every trade, deposit, and withdrawal on the Ostium protocol, supporting the platform's full on-chain transparency claim.
  • Decentralized Execution Layer Institutional off-chain liquidity hedging layer enabling institutional-grade liquidity providers to hedge positions taken on the Ostium on-chain protocol, combining DeFi transparency with institutional liquidity.
  • Nasdaq-Powered Equity Perpetuals The first onchain trading venue to offer equity perpetual products powered by Nasdaq TotalView order depth and Net Order Imbalance Indicator data, enabling institutional-grade equity pricing in on-chain perpetual futures.

Quantifiable outcome

  • $25 billion+ in total trading volume for commodities and other real-world assets
  • +2 more outcomes

Companies that use Ostium

Customer profile

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

Ostium technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed Yes

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Integration2 records

Feature6 records

Ostium partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Seven partnerships are on record, tiered core and supporting.

  • NasdaqcoreTechnology or Integration · 5 July 2026Nasdaq joined Pyth Data Marketplace as a publisher, making TotalView order depth and Net Order Imbalance Indicator data available across 100+ blockchains. Ostium is the first onchain venue to offer equity perpetual products powered by Nasdaq data.
  • LiquidsupportingGTM or Marketing Partner · 26 May 2026Liquid embedded Ostium as one of the trading venues in its Co-Invest product that embeds market analysis and trade execution in ChatGPT and Claude, supporting over 500 markets.
  • Jump (Hedging Partners)coreTechnology or Integration · 28 April 2026Ostium launched a decentralized execution layer with Jump and others as hedging partners, providing institutional off-chain liquidity for the platform.
  • QUODDcoreTechnology or Integration · 25 February 2026QUODD provides real-time equities, FX, and commodities data as a core input into Ostium's oracle infrastructure, enabling institutional-grade pricing for on-chain trading of real-world assets. Ostium sources pricing directly from traditional markets rather than rebuilding liquidity on-chain.
  • StorkcoreTechnology or Integration · 26 July 2024Node infrastructure partner for custom pull-based RWA oracle, providing price feeds for real-world assets on the platform.
  • ChainlinkcoreTechnology or Integration · 26 July 2024Provides crypto price feeds as part of the dual oracle infrastructure alongside Stork for RWA oracle needs.
  • GelatosupportingTechnology or Integration · 26 July 2024Gelato Functions provides automated keeper systems for protocol operations and execution on Ostium.

Scale indicators5 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights6 records

Ostium competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • Hyperliquid: The dominant decentralized perpetuals exchange by volume, operating its own app-chain with a central-limit-order-book design. Most directly comparable to Ostium in product category (on-chain perps) and target user (crypto-native leverage traders).
  • dYdX: Pioneer decentralized perpetuals exchange, now on its own Cosmos app-chain (dYdX v4). Direct competitor for on-chain leveraged trading with an order-book model and similarly targets sophisticated crypto traders.
  • Aevo: Decentralized perpetuals and options exchange built on an EVM rollup, listing both crypto and equity perps (pre-IPO and listed stocks). Highly comparable to Ostium given its RWA-equity perpetuals offering and similar institutional backers.
  • Gains Network (gTrade): Decentralized leveraged trading protocol (gTrade) offering perpetuals on synthetic assets including crypto, forex, and stocks. Directly competes with Ostium in the on-chain synthetic-RWA perpetuals category.
  • Drift Protocol: Solana-based decentralized perpetuals exchange with a central-limit-order-book, offering leveraged trading of crypto and synthetic assets. Comparable as an alternative L1/L2 perpetuals DEX targeting the same crypto-native trader base.
  • Pacifica: Decentralized perpetuals exchange focused on simplified UX and gas-free trading. Competes head-to-head with Ostium for crypto-native retail traders seeking self-custodial leveraged exposure.
  • Orderly Network: Decentralized perpetuals infrastructure layer powering multiple front-ends, offering unified cross-margin accounts. Comparable in providing the on-chain perps engine that white-label venues and aggregators route to, similar to how Ostium is embedded inside Liquid.

Emerging players

  • Lighter: Emerging zero-fee perpetuals DEX on Ethereum L2 with institutional-grade matching infrastructure. Comparable to Ostium's gas-free, low-fee positioning and competes for the same self-custodial perps flow.
  • Ondo Finance: Leading tokenized-treasury and RWA platform offering tokenized exposure to traditional assets. Adjacent competitor in the broader RWA-on-chain theme; not a perps venue but competes for institutional RWA flows and partnerships.

Broad incumbents

  • Robinhood: Named explicitly by Ostium as a competitor it is trying to displace in the offshore CFD market. Comparable as a multi-asset retail trading platform offering equities, commodities, and FX with leverage — though fully custodial and regulated.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

Ostium social profiles

Digital presence

Ostium financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Ostium leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles2 records

Ostium funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds3 records

Investors12 records

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Ostium M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Ostium

What does Ostium do?

Ostium operates a decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on the Arbitrum layer 2 blockchain, enabling self-custodial leveraged trading of real-world assets—including stocks, commodities, indices, and forex—directly from a crypto wallet without brokers or custodians. The platform features a custom pull-based RWA oracle (with QUODD and Nasdaq TotalView market data), a dual-pool shared liquidity layer, unified gas-free accounts, and a decentralized execution layer with institutional hedging partners. Ostium has processed over $25 billion in cumulative trading volume.

Is Ostium a public or private company?

Ostium is a private company. It is classified as venture growth investor backed and is currently operating.

When was Ostium founded?

Ostium was founded in 2023. It employs 11 to 50 people.

Where is Ostium based?

Ostium is headquartered in New York, United States, in the North America region.

How does Ostium make money?

Two revenue lines are on record. Trading Fees are the primary driver. The others are funding Rate Swaps.

Who are Ostium's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are Hyperliquid, dYdX, Aevo, Gains Network (gTrade), Drift Protocol, Pacifica and Orderly Network. Emerging players are Lighter and Ondo Finance. Robinhood is listed as a broad incumbent.

Does Ostium have an API?

No public API is recorded for Ostium.

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Live signals
CoinMarketCapOstium Co-Founder Reports $44.7M Revenue From Two-Year Agreement: Guest Post by CoincuAn Ostium co-founder reported approximately $44.7 million in revenue and $2.96 million in gross profit from a two-year agreement. The figures are unverified, with no counterparty or cost breakdown disclosed. Ostium has separately faced security incidents affecting its liquidity pools.CoinMarketCapOstium rebuilds trading stack with Gateway after $23.75M exploit: Guest Post by Cryptopolitan_NewsOstium announced on October 1 that it is rebuilding its trading stack with Gateway, a new system offering faster execution and unified margin. The move follows a July breach where a hacker drained $23.75 million from its liquidity vault by exploiting a price oracle and forwarder. Galaxy Research argues the fix is a trust problem, not a code one, citing 207 hacking incidents in H1 2026.CryptopolitanOstium rebuilds trading stack with Gateway after $23.75M exploitOstium announced on October 1 that it is rebuilding its trading stack around Gateway, citing faster execution and security. The move follows a July exploit that drained $23.75 million from its OLP vault via compromised oracle-signer and forwarder credentials. The platform aims to serve a RWA perpetuals market exceeding $3 trillion in cumulative volume.链捕手 ChainCatcherOstium 公布赔付方案,3321 个受损钱包获全额偿还Ostium announced compensation arrangements for previous losses, opening the channel Wednesday with 3,666 damaged wallets. 3,321 wallets with losses under $1,000 get full compensation, while 345 wallets with larger losses can choose $1,000 or proportional claims, covering about $23.8 million.ThedefiantOstium Recovery Plan Repays 3,321 Wallets In Full, Leaves 345 To ChooseOstium's recovery plan repays 3,321 wallets in full, while 345 wallets carrying at least 86% of the $23.8 million loss must choose between a $1,000 payment and a pro-rata claim on unrecovered funds. The portal opens Wednesday.链捕手 ChainCatcherOstium announced the compensation plan, with...Ostium announced a compensation plan for damaged wallets, opening the channel Wednesday with 3,666 wallets included. 3,321 wallets with losses under $1,000 receive full refunds, while 345 wallets with larger losses can choose a $1,000 payment or a proportional claim, covering about 86% of the $23.8 million loss.VerificationOstium 上线恢复门户,约 90.6% 受影响 OLP 持有者可全额收回损失Ostium launched a recovery portal after a July 15 attack, identifying 3,666 affected wallets. 3,321 wallets (90.59%) can fully recover losses, with 650,000 USDC recovered and the OLP treasury at 30% of pre-attack value.链捕手 ChainCatcherESS Frontier is suing the onchain perpetual...ESS Frontier LLC filed a lawsuit on September 4, 2026, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against Ostium Foundation, Ostium Labs, Deltax, DX Group, Ostium's CEO, and John Doe Transferees. The case involves approximately $15 million in crypto loans, with Minghui Zheng added as a co-plaintiff on September 14. A hearing is scheduled for September 17.CoinMarketCap$42 Million in Eight Days: Why ‘Decentralised’ Stopped Protecting Perp DEX Traders: Guest Post by CryptoTicker ENGWithin eight days in July 2026, two decentralized perpetuals exchanges on Arbitrum—Ostium on July 15 and AFX Trade on July 22—were drained of roughly $42 million combined through compromised private keys rather than smart contract vulnerabilities. Ostium lost $18 million to $23.75 million via a manipulated price oracle, while AFX Trade lost $24.15 million through compromised validator signing keys on its USDC custody bridge; both attacks exploited off-chain infrastructure that the "decentralized" label obscures. The article further notes that the perp DEX market has contracted over 50% from its October 2025 peak to $699 billion in March 2026, raising concerns that cost-pressured providers may further cut corners on security.CoinMarketCapJuly Crypto Hack Losses Surge 177% to $210.3M, Marking Third-Largest Monthly Toll of 2024: Guest Post by ItsBitcoinWorldCrypto hack losses surged 177% to $210.3 million in July 2024, spread across 30 separate incidents, according to industry data reported by ItsBitcoinWorld. The largest single breach was the Coldcard Wallet compromise at approximately $70 million, followed by exploits on AFX ($24M), Ostium ($24M), Bonk memecoin-related system ($21.2M), and Wanchain Bridge ($13M). Year-to-date losses for 2024 have now exceeded $1.2 billion, surpassing full-year totals for 2022 and 2023.