Developer docs
API playgroundTry for free, no card

Search company profiles

Glue

Full company profile

uuid0000pre

Namestring
Glue
Legal namestring
Glue Inc.
Websiteurl
gluestudio.com
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
2024
Descriptiontext

Glue Inc. is a Seattle-based, privately held software company founded in 2024 that builds Glue Studio, an AI-powered SaaS platform for hardware validation and test automation. The platform ingests complex design specifications and engineering documents, recommends appropriate test instruments from a customer's existing pool, and generates structured test plans plus executable Python scripts in a single connected workflow. Glue maintains a living traceability thread between design requirements, instrument selections, and test results, positioning the product for industries where audit trails and compliance — including ITAR, NIST, ISO, SOC2, CMMC, and FedRAMP on AWS GovCloud — are mandatory.

The company was incubated as a joint studio venture between Tektronix, Pioneer Square Labs, and Fortive's Innovation Studio, and is led by Founder/CEO David Sulpy (former Tektronix automation and software executive) and Founder/CTO Will Blaschko (ex-Amazon Alexa). In January 2025, Glue raised a $2 million pre-seed round led by Fortive Corp. (NYSE:FTV), with participation from Pioneer Square Ventures and the AIStudio Fund. The team sits at 11–50 employees, supported by Head of Product David Rohacek (ex-NI/Emerson) and Head of Design Alana Healy (ex-Amazon).

Glue monetizes through a three-tier subscription model: a free 30-day evaluation, a Team tier priced at $1,500 per seat per month with a five-seat minimum, and a custom Enterprise tier with unlimited seats, SSO, custom integrations, and an ITAR GovCloud option. Distribution is primarily direct via a demo-driven enterprise sales motion, supplemented by a self-serve free trial and a dedicated Trust Center for regulated-buyer security reviews. Product development has progressed from an October 2024 beta launch through Multi-Doc support (December 2025), Glue Learning pattern management (February 2026), and the Glue Intelligence release (April 2026), with no acquisitions, channel partnerships, or geographic expansion disclosed.

Short descriptiontext

Glue is a Seattle-based AI-native SaaS platform that automates hardware validation by converting design specifications into traceable test plans and Python automation scripts, sold to enterprise and mid-market test engineering teams via per-seat subscriptions.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
1–10
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersSeattle, United States
HQ citystring
Seattle
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices3 records

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
test automation software, hardware validation platform, AI test planning, test instrument selection, requirement traceability software
Industry2 codes
1Foundry Platform & Design Enablement Services (PDK/DFM/Process Qualification)
CodeHDAHACAJPrimaryYes
2Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP) & Redistribution (RDL)
CodeHDAHADACPrimaryNo
NAICS code1 code
  • Computer Systems Design and Related Services54151
SIC code1 code
  • Services-Prepackaged Software7372
Product category
Hardware Test Automation Software
No data
GTM motion2 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Glue Studio SaaS Subscriptions
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Glue Studio is a cloud-based SaaS product delivered on a subscription basis. Three tiers are offered: a free 30-day trial (1 project, 1 revision), a Team tier at $1,500/seat/month with a minimum of 5 seats, and an Enterprise tier with custom pricing including unlimited seats and advanced compliance options such as ITAR GovCloud. The subscription model provides recurring revenue with land-and-expand potential as teams grow seat counts or upgrade to Enterprise.

gluestudio.com
Marketing channels5 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels2 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure, Operations
Pricing details3 tiers
1Free 30-day trial for 1 project
ModelFreemiumBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Free tier provides 1 project, 1 revision for 30 days. No credit card required. Serves as an evaluation period for individual engineers or small teams to explore the platform.

gluestudio.com
2Team plan at $1,500/seat/month, minimum 5 seats
ModelPer seatBilling cadenceMonthly
Notes

Team tier is priced at $1,500 per seat per month with a minimum of 5 seats. Includes up to 20 products or revisions, advanced AI-assisted planning, collaboration tools, and priority email support. Annual billing likely available at a discount (not explicitly stated but implied by industry standard practices).

gluestudio.com
3Custom enterprise pricing with unlimited capacity
ModelSubscriptionBilling cadenceMulti-year contract
Notes

Enterprise tier is fully custom, offering unlimited seats, unlimited products and revisions, ITAR GovCloud option, SSO (Single Sign-On), custom integrations, and a dedicated account team with priority email and phone support. Pricing is negotiated based on organization size and requirements.

gluestudio.com
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeSoftware
Software
Brand1 of 4 records shown
1Glue Studio™
Description

AI-powered SaaS platform for test planning, automation, and validation testing that helps engineers accelerate product realization by reducing setup times by up to 50%

gluestudio.com
+3 more records
Core offering1 text field

Glue Studio is an AI-powered SaaS platform that automates hardware validation and test workflows. It ingests complex design specifications, recommends suitable test instruments, and generates traceable test plans along with executable Python scripts in a single connected workflow. The platform maintains a living thread between design requirements, instrument selection, and test results to deliver full traceability from concept through measurement.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Product overview1 text field

Glue offers a single unified SaaS platform called Glue Studio, which serves as the company's flagship AI-powered product for hardware test automation and validation. The platform connects design intent to physical builds through intelligent test planning, automated script generation, and instrument management. Glue Studio is available in three tiers: a free 30-day trial, a Team tier at $1,500/seat/month (minimum 5 seats), and an Enterprise tier with unlimited seats, ITAR GovCloud option, SSO, and custom integrations. The platform is built on AWS GovCloud (FedRAMP-approved infrastructure) and is continuously validated for compliance.

Product and service1 record
1Glue Studio
CategoryTest Automation Software
Description

AI-powered SaaS platform for hardware validation and test automation that transforms complex design specifications into traceable test plans and executable Python scripts. Built on AWS GovCloud with FedRAMP-approved infrastructure, it targets enterprise and mid-market validation engineering teams in industrial, semiconductor, aerospace, and defense sectors.

Scale indicator1 record

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership2 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2025-01-21
Description

Pioneer Square Labs is a Seattle-based startup studio that co-created Glue through a joint studio venture with Fortive. PSL provides startup-building expertise, operational support, and the AIStudio Fund (a PSL and Mayfield collaboration) participated in the pre-seed round. PSL's incubator model was instrumental in founding Glue Inc. and launching Glue Studio.

Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Tektronix, a global leader in test and measurement solutions, collaborated with Pioneer Square Labs and Fortive to incubate Glue Studio. Glue's founding team includes former Tektronix executives (CEO David Sulpy previously led automation and software initiatives at Tektronix), and the platform was born from real-world challenges observed in the test and measurement industry. Tektronix's domain expertise shaped Glue Studio's design and positioning.

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight6 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeEmerging player
Description

Jama offers requirements management and traceability for complex product development, overlapping Glue's requirement-to-test traceability feature. It is an emerging player in the same workflow Glue modernizes but lacks Glue's generative AI for test plan and Python script generation.

TypeEmerging player
Description

TestRail is a SaaS test case management platform used by software QA teams, with growing traction in hardware-adjacent test teams. It is an emerging player addressing overlapping test management pain points but without Glue's spec-to-code generative AI.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Instrumental applies AI and computer vision to electronics manufacturing defect detection and test data. It is an emerging player because it shares Glue's AI-for-hardware-validation thesis but focuses on the post-build inspection phase rather than pre-test planning.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Rohde & Schwarz is a global T&M equipment vendor with proprietary test software for wireless, aerospace, and defense. It is a broad incumbent whose instrument ecosystem Glue integrates with and could help standardize test automation around.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Siemens offers ALM/PLM platforms (Polarion, Teamcenter) with requirements traceability that overlap Glue's traceability value proposition. It is a broad incumbent because it sells across the full engineering lifecycle rather than specializing in AI-driven test plan generation.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Synopsys is a leading EDA vendor with verification tools (VCS, Verdi) and is increasingly embedding generative AI for design and verification. It is a broad incumbent that competes for the same semiconductor and hardware engineering budgets Glue targets but at much broader scope.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Keysight is a global test and measurement leader with software platforms (PathWave, Eggplant) for hardware validation and automated test. It directly overlaps Glue's customer base of validation engineers in industrial, semiconductor, and aerospace markets and is the most logical incumbent competitor for AI-augmented test workflows.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Cadence provides EDA and verification tools (Palladium, JasperGold) and is shipping AI-assisted design flows. It is a broad incumbent because it competes for hardware engineering wallets with a full EDA stack rather than Glue's narrow validation focus.

TypeDirect peer
Description

NI (now part of Emerson) provides LabVIEW and TestStand software plus modular hardware for automated test and measurement. It is a direct peer because Glue's founder (David Sulpy) and Head of Product (David Rohacek) both came from this ecosystem, and NI tools anchor the workflows Glue seeks to automate.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

IBM DOORS is the long-standing enterprise standard for requirements management in aerospace, defense, and automotive programs. It is a broad incumbent whose installed base Glue's traceability feature must integrate with or displace.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat6 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile2 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
Yes
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI capability9 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature8 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles6 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
Compliance1 record

Each record includes

Name, Class, Description

Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds1 record

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors3 records

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Glue

Hardware Test Automation Softwaregluestudio.com

Glue is a Seattle-based AI-native SaaS platform that automates hardware validation by converting design specifications into traceable test plans and Python automation scripts, sold to enterprise and mid-market test engineering teams via per-seat subscriptions.

What Glue does

Glue Inc. is a Seattle-based, privately held software company founded in 2024 that builds Glue Studio, an AI-powered SaaS platform for hardware validation and test automation. The platform ingests complex design specifications and engineering documents, recommends appropriate test instruments from a customer's existing pool, and generates structured test plans plus executable Python scripts in a single connected workflow. Glue maintains a living traceability thread between design requirements, instrument selections, and test results, positioning the product for industries where audit trails and compliance — including ITAR, NIST, ISO, SOC2, CMMC, and FedRAMP on AWS GovCloud — are mandatory.

The company was incubated as a joint studio venture between Tektronix, Pioneer Square Labs, and Fortive's Innovation Studio, and is led by Founder/CEO David Sulpy (former Tektronix automation and software executive) and Founder/CTO Will Blaschko (ex-Amazon Alexa). In January 2025, Glue raised a $2 million pre-seed round led by Fortive Corp. (NYSE:FTV), with participation from Pioneer Square Ventures and the AIStudio Fund. The team sits at 11–50 employees, supported by Head of Product David Rohacek (ex-NI/Emerson) and Head of Design Alana Healy (ex-Amazon).

Glue monetizes through a three-tier subscription model: a free 30-day evaluation, a Team tier priced at $1,500 per seat per month with a five-seat minimum, and a custom Enterprise tier with unlimited seats, SSO, custom integrations, and an ITAR GovCloud option. Distribution is primarily direct via a demo-driven enterprise sales motion, supplemented by a self-serve free trial and a dedicated Trust Center for regulated-buyer security reviews. Product development has progressed from an October 2024 beta launch through Multi-Doc support (December 2025), Glue Learning pattern management (February 2026), and the Glue Intelligence release (April 2026), with no acquisitions, channel partnerships, or geographic expansion disclosed.

Glue firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Glue
Legal name
Glue Inc.
Website
https://gluestudio.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
2024
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
1–10 employees
Short description
Glue is a Seattle-based AI-native SaaS platform that automates hardware validation by converting design specifications into traceable test plans and Python automation scripts, sold to enterprise and mid-market test engineering teams via per-seat subscriptions.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Glue industry classification

Industry
Product category
Hardware Test Automation Software
NAICS
Computer Systems Design and Related Services (54151)
SIC
Services-Prepackaged Software (7372)
akta.pro primary industry
Foundry Platform & Design Enablement Services (PDK/DFM/Process Qualification) (HDAHACAJ)
akta.pro secondary industry
Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP) & Redistribution (RDL) (HDAHADAC)

Keywords

  • Test automation software
  • Hardware validation platform
  • AI test planning
  • Test instrument selection
  • Requirement traceability software

Where Glue is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Seattle
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices3 records

Markets served

Glue business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Software
Cost components
Personnel, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure, Operations

Revenue model

  1. Glue Studio SaaS Subscriptions: Glue Studio is a cloud-based SaaS product delivered on a subscription basis. Three tiers are offered: a free 30-day trial (1 project, 1 revision), a Team tier at $1,500/seat/month with a minimum of 5 seats, and an Enterprise tier with custom pricing including unlimited seats and advanced compliance options such as ITAR GovCloud. The subscription model provides recurring revenue with land-and-expand potential as teams grow seat counts or upgrade to Enterprise.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
FreemiumPay-as-you-goFree 30-day trial for 1 project
Per seatMonthlyTeam plan at $1,500/seat/month, minimum 5 seats
SubscriptionMulti-year contractCustom enterprise pricing with unlimited capacity

Go-to-market motion2 records

Distribution channels2 records

Marketing channels5 records

Glue product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Glue Studio is an AI-powered SaaS platform that automates hardware validation and test workflows. It ingests complex design specifications, recommends suitable test instruments, and generates traceable test plans along with executable Python scripts in a single connected workflow. The platform maintains a living thread between design requirements, instrument selection, and test results to deliver full traceability from concept through measurement.

Product overview

Glue offers a single unified SaaS platform called Glue Studio, which serves as the company's flagship AI-powered product for hardware test automation and validation. The platform connects design intent to physical builds through intelligent test planning, automated script generation, and instrument management. Glue Studio is available in three tiers: a free 30-day trial, a Team tier at $1,500/seat/month (minimum 5 seats), and an Enterprise tier with unlimited seats, ITAR GovCloud option, SSO, and custom integrations. The platform is built on AWS GovCloud (FedRAMP-approved infrastructure) and is continuously validated for compliance.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • Glue Studio™: AI-powered SaaS platform for test planning, automation, and validation testing that helps engineers accelerate product realization by reducing setup times by up to 50%
  • Glue Engine
  • Glue Intelligence
  • Glue Studio™

Products and services

  • Glue Studio AI-powered SaaS platform for hardware validation and test automation that transforms complex design specifications into traceable test plans and executable Python scripts. Built on AWS GovCloud with FedRAMP-approved infrastructure, it targets enterprise and mid-market validation engineering teams in industrial, semiconductor, aerospace, and defense sectors.

Companies that use Glue

Customer profile

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles2 records

Glue technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed Yes

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

AI capability9 records

Feature8 records

Glue partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Two partnerships are on record, tiered core.

  • Pioneer Square Labs (PSL)coreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 21 January 2025Pioneer Square Labs is a Seattle-based startup studio that co-created Glue through a joint studio venture with Fortive. PSL provides startup-building expertise, operational support, and the AIStudio Fund (a PSL and Mayfield collaboration) participated in the pre-seed round. PSL's incubator model was instrumental in founding Glue Inc. and launching Glue Studio.
  • TektronixcoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerTektronix, a global leader in test and measurement solutions, collaborated with Pioneer Square Labs and Fortive to incubate Glue Studio. Glue's founding team includes former Tektronix executives (CEO David Sulpy previously led automation and software initiatives at Tektronix), and the platform was born from real-world challenges observed in the test and measurement industry. Tektronix's domain expertise shaped Glue Studio's design and positioning.

Scale indicators1 record

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights6 records

Glue competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Emerging players

  • Jama Software: Jama offers requirements management and traceability for complex product development, overlapping Glue's requirement-to-test traceability feature. It is an emerging player in the same workflow Glue modernizes but lacks Glue's generative AI for test plan and Python script generation.
  • TestRail: TestRail is a SaaS test case management platform used by software QA teams, with growing traction in hardware-adjacent test teams. It is an emerging player addressing overlapping test management pain points but without Glue's spec-to-code generative AI.
  • Instrumental: Instrumental applies AI and computer vision to electronics manufacturing defect detection and test data. It is an emerging player because it shares Glue's AI-for-hardware-validation thesis but focuses on the post-build inspection phase rather than pre-test planning.

Broad incumbents

  • Rohde & Schwarz: Rohde & Schwarz is a global T&M equipment vendor with proprietary test software for wireless, aerospace, and defense. It is a broad incumbent whose instrument ecosystem Glue integrates with and could help standardize test automation around.
  • Siemens EDA (Polarion / Teamcenter): Siemens offers ALM/PLM platforms (Polarion, Teamcenter) with requirements traceability that overlap Glue's traceability value proposition. It is a broad incumbent because it sells across the full engineering lifecycle rather than specializing in AI-driven test plan generation.
  • Synopsys: Synopsys is a leading EDA vendor with verification tools (VCS, Verdi) and is increasingly embedding generative AI for design and verification. It is a broad incumbent that competes for the same semiconductor and hardware engineering budgets Glue targets but at much broader scope.
  • Cadence Design Systems: Cadence provides EDA and verification tools (Palladium, JasperGold) and is shipping AI-assisted design flows. It is a broad incumbent because it competes for hardware engineering wallets with a full EDA stack rather than Glue's narrow validation focus.
  • IBM Engineering (DOORS): IBM DOORS is the long-standing enterprise standard for requirements management in aerospace, defense, and automotive programs. It is a broad incumbent whose installed base Glue's traceability feature must integrate with or displace.

Direct peers

  • Keysight Technologies: Keysight is a global test and measurement leader with software platforms (PathWave, Eggplant) for hardware validation and automated test. It directly overlaps Glue's customer base of validation engineers in industrial, semiconductor, and aerospace markets and is the most logical incumbent competitor for AI-augmented test workflows.
  • National Instruments (Emerson): NI (now part of Emerson) provides LabVIEW and TestStand software plus modular hardware for automated test and measurement. It is a direct peer because Glue's founder (David Sulpy) and Head of Product (David Rohacek) both came from this ecosystem, and NI tools anchor the workflows Glue seeks to automate.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat6 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

Glue compliance and trust

Trust signal

Compliance1 record

Glue financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Glue leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles6 records

Glue funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds1 record

Investors3 records

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Glue M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Glue

What does Glue do?

Glue Studio is an AI-powered SaaS platform that automates hardware validation and test workflows. It ingests complex design specifications, recommends suitable test instruments, and generates traceable test plans along with executable Python scripts in a single connected workflow. The platform maintains a living thread between design requirements, instrument selection, and test results to deliver full traceability from concept through measurement.

Is Glue a public or private company?

Glue is a private company. It is classified as venture growth investor backed and is currently operating.

When was Glue founded?

Glue was founded in 2024. It employs 1 to 10 people.

Where is Glue based?

Glue is headquartered in Seattle, United States, in the North America region.

How does Glue make money?

One revenue line is on record: glue Studio SaaS Subscriptions.

Who are Glue's main competitors?

Emerging players on record are Jama Software, TestRail and Instrumental. Broad incumbents are Rohde & Schwarz, Siemens EDA (Polarion / Teamcenter), Synopsys, Cadence Design Systems and IBM Engineering (DOORS). Direct peers are Keysight Technologies and National Instruments (Emerson).

Does Glue have an API?

No public API is recorded for Glue.

What industry is Glue in?

Glue's product category is Hardware Test Automation Software. Its primary akta.pro industry code is HDAHACAJ, Foundry Platform & Design Enablement Services (PDK/DFM/Process Qualification), with a secondary code of HDAHADAC, Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP) & Redistribution (RDL). Its NAICS code is 54151 and its SIC code is 7372.

Unlock the full company data

50 free credits on sign-up, no credit card required.

Contact sales
Live signals
Pulse 2.0Emerson Acquires Glue To Expand AI-Powered Test And Measurement CapabilitiesEmerson has acquired Glue, a developer of AI-enabled test and validation software, to expand the AI-powered capabilities of its NI Test & Measurement portfolio. The company plans to integrate Glue Studio with its domain-specific AI system, Nigel, to automate engineering validation workflows and improve traceability. This acquisition supports Emerson's strategy to create a more unified, software-defined testing environment that shortens product development cycles.American City Business JournalsEmerson Electric acquires Seattle AI software maker GlueEmerson Electric has acquired Seattle-based AI software maker Glue, bringing Glue Studio software into its Test & Measurement segment. Financial terms of the acquisition were not disclosed.PR NewswireEmerson Acquires Glue Inc. to Accelerate AI-Driven Test & Measurement InnovationEmerson announced the acquisition of Glue Inc., an innovator in AI-enabled software, to integrate its Glue Studio product into Emerson's NI Nigel AI platform. This strategic move aims to enhance test generation and planning capabilities within Emerson's Test & Measurement portfolio, facilitating faster product releases and improved engineering decision-making.YahooEmerson Acquires Glue Inc. to Accelerate AI-Driven Test & Measurement InnovationEmerson has acquired Glue Inc., enhancing its AI-driven capabilities in the test and measurement sector with Glue Studio's AI-enabled software. This acquisition aims to strengthen Emerson's strategic vision for software-defined, data-centric solutions within its NI portfolio. The integration of Glue Studio's technology is expected to improve productivity and elevate customer engagement throughout engineering workflows.