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Fried Frank

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uuid0004hfy

Namestring
Fried Frank
Legal namestring
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP
Websiteurl
friedfrank.com
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1970
Descriptiontext

Fried Frank is a global law firm organized as a Delaware limited liability partnership, headquartered in New York with additional offices in London (regional HQ), Washington DC, Frankfurt, and Brussels. Founded in 1970/1971, the firm is structured as a traditional partner-owned LLP serving institutional clients across private equity M&A, asset management and fund formation, real estate, corporate securities, antitrust, and restructuring. Reported FY2025 revenue reached a record $1.22 billion with 7.2% growth, driven by strength in private equity M&A and an 18% lift in the real estate practice; the firm advised on the $44.8 billion Unilever-McCormick foods business merger and ranked atop consumer M&A value league tables in Q1 2026.

The client base skews heavily toward large enterprises and financial institutions, with disclosed engagements spanning Humana (~$900 million Gentiva divestiture), Goldman Sachs (alternative investment fund counsel), BXP (major Manhattan lease), Conversant Capital ($300 million Bond Street REIT investment), Unilever (consumer M&A), and Moody's (global HQ relocation). Go-to-market is enterprise and partner-led, with client acquisition driven by industry reputation, partner networks, and referrals from investment banks rather than traditional marketing channels; billings follow standard law firm economics — hourly rates and matter-based fees negotiated with corporate clients.

The firm's primary proprietary technology is FundAssist, launched in May 2026 as an AI-powered platform using OpenAI's GPT-5.4 models for document search, client-specific precedent libraries, and agentic drafting of private fund formation documents. The platform is currently restricted to the firm's asset management, regulatory, and tax lawyers with stated plans for direct client access. The firm is also pursuing strategic lateral partner hiring from competitors including Kirkland & Ellis, Morgan Lewis, and Cleary Gottlieb to expand M&A and asset management capabilities, while maintaining top-tier recognition across Chambers USA 2026, The Legal 500 US 2026, and Handelsblatt Best Lawyers.

Short descriptiontext

Fried Frank is a global law firm headquartered in New York with offices in London, Washington DC, Frankfurt, and Brussels, advising private equity firms, large corporations, financial institutions, and real estate companies on complex cross-border M&A, fund formation, and asset management matters, reporting $1.22 billion in FY2025 revenue.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
501–1,000
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersNew York, United States
HQ citystring
New York
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices6 records

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
corporate legal services, private equity M&A, asset management law, cross-border transactions, real estate legal counsel
Industry1 code
1M&A Advisory (Buy-side/Sell-side)
CodeBPAHADACPrimaryYes
NAICS code1 code
  • Portfolio Management and Investment Advice523940
SIC code1 code
  • Investment Advice6282
Product category
Legal Services
Social media profiles3 records
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Legal Services
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Fried Frank generates revenue through legal advisory services billed to corporate clients. Revenue model is traditional law firm billing - typically hourly rates for attorneys and matter-based fees for transactions. The firm reported record revenue of $1.22 billion with 7.2% growth driven by strength in private equity M&A, asset management, funds, and real estate practices.

law.com
Marketing channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels1 record

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components6 values
Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Others
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

Fried Frank is a global law firm providing legal advisory services to corporations, private equity firms, financial institutions, and investment firms. Core practices include M&A, private equity, asset management, real estate, restructuring, antitrust, capital markets, finance, and litigation. The firm has also developed FundAssist, a proprietary AI-powered platform for document search, agentic drafting, and knowledge management within its asset management practice.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 3 values shown
  • Record revenue of $1.22 billion with 7.2% growth
+2 more records
Product overview1 text field

Fried Frank operates as a global law firm that has developed FundAssist as its primary proprietary technology product — an AI-powered platform specifically designed for the firm's asset management, regulatory, and tax practices. FundAssist is a single unified platform offering document search, drafting, and knowledge management capabilities built on OpenAI's GPT-5.4 foundation models. The platform was developed internally by the firm over approximately two years and is currently available to the firm's lawyers with future plans for direct client access.

Product and service2 records
1Legal Advisory Services
CategoryLegal Services
Description

Full-service legal counsel to large corporations, private equity firms, financial institutions, and investment firms on M&A, fund formation, asset management, real estate transactions, regulatory matters, and cross-border deals; clients include Unilever, Goldman Sachs, Humana, BXP, Moody's, and Conversant Capital.

2FundAssist AI Platform
CategoryLegal Technology / AI Platform
Description

Proprietary AI platform built on OpenAI's GPT-5.4 with client-specific precedent libraries, document search capabilities, and an agentic drafting tool that generates first drafts of private fund formation documents and automates responses to side-letter requests from investors.

Scale indicator2 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership1 partner
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthersAnnounced on2025-12-22
Description

Cushman & Wakefield and Fried Frank both represented Moody Corporation in the transaction involving Moody's relocation of global headquarters to 200 Liberty Street at Brookfield Place in Lower Manhattan.

Recent move5 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

The largest law firm in the world by revenue and the dominant advisor to private equity firms on M&A. Fried Frank competes with Kirkland directly for sponsor-side M&A and fund formation mandates, and has even hired laterally from Kirkland.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Premier M&A and corporate law firm with strong PE and asset management practices. Skadden competes with Fried Frank for large-cap M&A, fund formation, and corporate finance mandates across the New York market.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Global law firm with leading M&A, private equity, and capital markets practices. Latham's broader geographic reach and dominant PE practice make it a head-to-head competitor for cross-border transactional mandates Fried Frank pursues.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Elite M&A, securities, and corporate finance advisor with a strong asset management practice. Sullivan & Cromwell competes with Fried Frank for high-end M&A, fund formation, and capital markets engagements from large financial institutions and corporates.

TypeDirect peer
Description

The premier M&A advisory firm in the US, particularly for large public-company transactions. Wachtell is the natural competitor for the mega-deal mandates that Fried Frank is increasingly winning, including consumer-sector M&A.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Elite cross-border M&A, capital markets, and antitrust firm. Fried Frank has hired laterally from Cleary, and the two compete directly for international M&A, EU regulatory, and asset management mandates.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Top-tier M&A, securities, and corporate finance firm serving large corporates and financial institutions. Davis Polk is a direct competitor for high-value M&A and capital markets engagements with Wall Street clients like Goldman Sachs.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Leading M&A and private equity law firm with a deep sponsor client base. Simpson Thacher is a primary competitor for PE M&A and fund formation mandates, especially in large-cap sponsor-led transactions.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Top-tier M&A and asset management law firm with a strong private funds practice. Debevoise's overlapping focus on PE M&A, fund formation, and asset management makes it a direct comparable for Fried Frank's core practice areas.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Elite corporate, M&A, and private equity firm with a top-tier litigation practice. Paul Weiss competes with Fried Frank for high-end M&A and asset management engagements, particularly for corporate and sponsor clients.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers6 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile4 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI capability4 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature1 record

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles7 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Fried Frank

Legal Servicesfriedfrank.com

Fried Frank is a global law firm headquartered in New York with offices in London, Washington DC, Frankfurt, and Brussels, advising private equity firms, large corporations, financial institutions, and real estate companies on complex cross-border M&A, fund formation, and asset management matters, reporting $1.22 billion in FY2025 revenue.

What Fried Frank does

Fried Frank is a global law firm organized as a Delaware limited liability partnership, headquartered in New York with additional offices in London (regional HQ), Washington DC, Frankfurt, and Brussels. Founded in 1970/1971, the firm is structured as a traditional partner-owned LLP serving institutional clients across private equity M&A, asset management and fund formation, real estate, corporate securities, antitrust, and restructuring. Reported FY2025 revenue reached a record $1.22 billion with 7.2% growth, driven by strength in private equity M&A and an 18% lift in the real estate practice; the firm advised on the $44.8 billion Unilever-McCormick foods business merger and ranked atop consumer M&A value league tables in Q1 2026.

The client base skews heavily toward large enterprises and financial institutions, with disclosed engagements spanning Humana (~$900 million Gentiva divestiture), Goldman Sachs (alternative investment fund counsel), BXP (major Manhattan lease), Conversant Capital ($300 million Bond Street REIT investment), Unilever (consumer M&A), and Moody's (global HQ relocation). Go-to-market is enterprise and partner-led, with client acquisition driven by industry reputation, partner networks, and referrals from investment banks rather than traditional marketing channels; billings follow standard law firm economics — hourly rates and matter-based fees negotiated with corporate clients.

The firm's primary proprietary technology is FundAssist, launched in May 2026 as an AI-powered platform using OpenAI's GPT-5.4 models for document search, client-specific precedent libraries, and agentic drafting of private fund formation documents. The platform is currently restricted to the firm's asset management, regulatory, and tax lawyers with stated plans for direct client access. The firm is also pursuing strategic lateral partner hiring from competitors including Kirkland & Ellis, Morgan Lewis, and Cleary Gottlieb to expand M&A and asset management capabilities, while maintaining top-tier recognition across Chambers USA 2026, The Legal 500 US 2026, and Handelsblatt Best Lawyers.

Fried Frank firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Fried Frank
Legal name
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP
Website
https://friedfrank.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
1970
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
501–1,000 employees
Short description
Fried Frank is a global law firm headquartered in New York with offices in London, Washington DC, Frankfurt, and Brussels, advising private equity firms, large corporations, financial institutions, and real estate companies on complex cross-border M&A, fund formation, and asset management matters, reporting $1.22 billion in FY2025 revenue.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Fried Frank industry classification

Industry
Product category
Legal Services
NAICS
Portfolio Management and Investment Advice (523940)
SIC
Investment Advice (6282)
akta.pro primary industry
M&A Advisory (Buy-side/Sell-side) (BPAHADAC)

Keywords

  • Corporate legal services
  • Private equity M&A
  • Asset management law
  • Cross-border transactions
  • Real estate legal counsel

Where Fried Frank is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
New York
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices6 records

Markets served

Fried Frank business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Others

Revenue model

  1. Legal Services: Fried Frank generates revenue through legal advisory services billed to corporate clients. Revenue model is traditional law firm billing - typically hourly rates for attorneys and matter-based fees for transactions. The firm reported record revenue of $1.22 billion with 7.2% growth driven by strength in private equity M&A, asset management, funds, and real estate practices.

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels1 record

Marketing channels4 records

Fried Frank product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Fried Frank is a global law firm providing legal advisory services to corporations, private equity firms, financial institutions, and investment firms. Core practices include M&A, private equity, asset management, real estate, restructuring, antitrust, capital markets, finance, and litigation. The firm has also developed FundAssist, a proprietary AI-powered platform for document search, agentic drafting, and knowledge management within its asset management practice.

Product overview

Fried Frank operates as a global law firm that has developed FundAssist as its primary proprietary technology product — an AI-powered platform specifically designed for the firm's asset management, regulatory, and tax practices. FundAssist is a single unified platform offering document search, drafting, and knowledge management capabilities built on OpenAI's GPT-5.4 foundation models. The platform was developed internally by the firm over approximately two years and is currently available to the firm's lawyers with future plans for direct client access.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • Legal Advisory Services Full-service legal counsel to large corporations, private equity firms, financial institutions, and investment firms on M&A, fund formation, asset management, real estate transactions, regulatory matters, and cross-border deals; clients include Unilever, Goldman Sachs, Humana, BXP, Moody's, and Conversant Capital.
  • FundAssist AI Platform Proprietary AI platform built on OpenAI's GPT-5.4 with client-specific precedent libraries, document search capabilities, and an agentic drafting tool that generates first drafts of private fund formation documents and automates responses to side-letter requests from investors.

Quantifiable outcome

  • Record revenue of $1.22 billion with 7.2% growth
  • +2 more outcomes

Companies that use Fried Frank

Customer profile

Named customers6 records

Segments4 records

Ideal customer profiles4 records

Fried Frank technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

AI capability4 records

Feature1 record

Fried Frank partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

One partnership is on record.

  • Cushman & WakefieldminorOthers · 22 December 2025Cushman & Wakefield and Fried Frank both represented Moody Corporation in the transaction involving Moody's relocation of global headquarters to 200 Liberty Street at Brookfield Place in Lower Manhattan.

Scale indicators2 records

Recent moves5 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Fried Frank competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • Kirkland & Ellis: The largest law firm in the world by revenue and the dominant advisor to private equity firms on M&A. Fried Frank competes with Kirkland directly for sponsor-side M&A and fund formation mandates, and has even hired laterally from Kirkland.
  • Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom: Premier M&A and corporate law firm with strong PE and asset management practices. Skadden competes with Fried Frank for large-cap M&A, fund formation, and corporate finance mandates across the New York market.
  • Latham & Watkins: Global law firm with leading M&A, private equity, and capital markets practices. Latham's broader geographic reach and dominant PE practice make it a head-to-head competitor for cross-border transactional mandates Fried Frank pursues.
  • Sullivan & Cromwell: Elite M&A, securities, and corporate finance advisor with a strong asset management practice. Sullivan & Cromwell competes with Fried Frank for high-end M&A, fund formation, and capital markets engagements from large financial institutions and corporates.
  • Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz: The premier M&A advisory firm in the US, particularly for large public-company transactions. Wachtell is the natural competitor for the mega-deal mandates that Fried Frank is increasingly winning, including consumer-sector M&A.
  • Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton: Elite cross-border M&A, capital markets, and antitrust firm. Fried Frank has hired laterally from Cleary, and the two compete directly for international M&A, EU regulatory, and asset management mandates.
  • Davis Polk & Wardwell: Top-tier M&A, securities, and corporate finance firm serving large corporates and financial institutions. Davis Polk is a direct competitor for high-value M&A and capital markets engagements with Wall Street clients like Goldman Sachs.
  • Simpson Thacher & Bartlett: Leading M&A and private equity law firm with a deep sponsor client base. Simpson Thacher is a primary competitor for PE M&A and fund formation mandates, especially in large-cap sponsor-led transactions.
  • Debevoise & Plimpton: Top-tier M&A and asset management law firm with a strong private funds practice. Debevoise's overlapping focus on PE M&A, fund formation, and asset management makes it a direct comparable for Fried Frank's core practice areas.
  • Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison: Elite corporate, M&A, and private equity firm with a top-tier litigation practice. Paul Weiss competes with Fried Frank for high-end M&A and asset management engagements, particularly for corporate and sponsor clients.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

Fried Frank social profiles

Digital presence

Fried Frank financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Fried Frank leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles7 records

Fried Frank funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Fried Frank M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Fried Frank

What does Fried Frank do?

Fried Frank is a global law firm providing legal advisory services to corporations, private equity firms, financial institutions, and investment firms. Core practices include M&A, private equity, asset management, real estate, restructuring, antitrust, capital markets, finance, and litigation. The firm has also developed FundAssist, a proprietary AI-powered platform for document search, agentic drafting, and knowledge management within its asset management practice.

Is Fried Frank a public or private company?

Fried Frank is a private company. It is classified as management employee owned and is currently operating.

When was Fried Frank founded?

Fried Frank was founded in 1970. It employs 501 to 1,000 people.

Where is Fried Frank based?

Fried Frank is headquartered in New York, United States, in the North America region.

How does Fried Frank make money?

One revenue line is on record: legal Services.

Who are Fried Frank's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are Kirkland & Ellis, Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom, Latham & Watkins, Sullivan & Cromwell, Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, Davis Polk & Wardwell, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, Debevoise & Plimpton and Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison.

Does Fried Frank have an API?

No public API is recorded for Fried Frank.

What industry is Fried Frank in?

Fried Frank's product category is Legal Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is BPAHADAC, M&A Advisory (Buy-side/Sell-side). Its NAICS code is 523940 and its SIC code is 6282.

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Live signals
Pulse 2.0Fried Frank Adds David Solander As Asset Management Regulatory Partner In Washington, D.C.Fried Frank appointed David Solander as an asset management regulatory partner in its Washington, D.C., office, expanding its regulatory capabilities for private funds and investment advisers. Solander advises on fund formation, compliance, and digital assets, working alongside existing partners Michael L. Sherman and Dabney O’Riordan.DignitymemorialHoward Berkower ObituaryHoward Berkower, a corporate and securities lawyer who practiced at firms including Fried Frank, Baker & McKenzie, and McCarter & English, died on August 18, 2026, at the age of 68. He had a distinguished legal career spanning 41 years, during which he served as an expert on the federal COVID-19 Paycheck Protection Program and frequently spoke on market matters. His obituary details his personal life, family, and charitable interests.The Real DealREBNY taps Fried Frank partner Jonathan Mechanic as new chairThe Real Estate Board of New York (REBNY) has selected Jonathan Mechanic, a partner at Fried Frank, as its new chair, succeeding Jed Walentas of Two Trees Management starting in 2027. Mechanic is the first practicing attorney elected chair of REBNY in the organization's history, and he will continue his role at Fried Frank while serving as chair. REBNY faces ongoing policy challenges including advocacy for housing development, the aftermath of the FARE Act legal battle it lost, and tensions with brokerages over listing practices.Pulse 2.0Fried Frank Launches FundAssist AI Platform for Asset Management PracticeFried Frank has launched FundAssist, a proprietary AI-powered platform designed to enhance document search, drafting, and knowledge management across its asset management practice. The platform was developed exclusively by the firm, supports private fund formation and operations, and is currently available to the firm's asset management, regulatory, and tax lawyers. Fried Frank plans to expand platform access directly to clients in the future while highlighting that the launch builds on the firm's broader investments in legal technology over the past year.The Global Legal PostFried Frank launches proprietary AI platform to support firm’s fund workUS law firm Fried Frank has launched FundAssist, a proprietary AI-powered platform designed to support its asset management, regulatory and tax lawyers with fund formation, fund operations and transaction matters. The platform enhances document search and drafting capabilities, allowing users to access a secure environment with client-specific precedent libraries, ask questions across fund documents and receive responses in preferred languages. The development reflects Fried Frank's ongoing technology investment strategy, following previous adoptions of tools like Intelligent Legal Solutions' ProVision platform and partnerships with Centari.PrivateequitywireFried Frank develops AI platform to accelerate PE fund formation workFried Frank deployed FundAssist, an AI platform built on OpenAI models, to automate private equity fund formation drafting. The system generates first-pass documentation and handles side letters, aiming to accelerate routine work. The firm expects faster skills progression for junior lawyers, not reduced headcount.Above the LawBiglaw’s Latest AI Pitch: Faster Associates, More DealsFried Frank, a major law firm, has developed an internal AI platform called FundAssist for its private funds group, as discussed by Becky Zelenka, co-head of the group. The tool is designed to help junior associates progress to mid-level status more quickly, enabling them to handle more deals rather than reducing headcount. This reflects the legal industry's broader adoption of AI to increase associate productivity amid growing competition.Law.comFried Frank Rolls Out Proprietary AI Platform for Asset Management TasksFried Frank announced the launch of FundAssist, a proprietary AI platform designed for the firm's asset management, regulatory, and tax lawyers, featuring client-specific precedent libraries, search capabilities, and an agentic drafting tool for private fund formation tasks. The platform leverages publicly available frontier models including OpenAI's GPT-5.4, with plans to eventually allow direct client access while the firm first ensures accuracy and reduces AI hallucination risks. The development reflects a broader trend among large law firms creating proprietary AI offerings to serve their specific practice area needs.Bloomberg Law NewsFried Frank Bets on AI to Streamline Private Equity Funds GroupFried Frank has launched FundAssist, an internally-built AI platform using OpenAI models that streamlines its private equity funds practice by enabling lawyers to search through past work for precedents and allowing clients to query their own documents. The tool automates responses to side letter requests from investors and uses multiple AI agents to generate first drafts of fund formation documents; the firm may eventually offer the drafting tool directly to clients. Fried Frank began developing the tool approximately two years ago, with the costs mostly attributable to personnel time, and the firm aims to ramp up junior associates to mid-level faster as the tool enables handling more deals.Legal BusinessRevolving Doors: US firms lead hiring as White & Case, Cleary, McDermott build across EuropeThe London and European lateral legal market saw continued hiring activity over the past week, with firms targeting talent across funds, corporate, disputes, and real estate sectors. Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton has hired funds partner David Christmas from rival Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson, with Christmas bringing experience in private funds, fund formation, and GP-led secondaries across alternative asset classes. The article notes additional team moves occurred on the continent during the same period.