Developer docs
API playgroundTry for free, no card

Search company profiles

Cifas

Full company profile

uuid0008dii

Namestring
Cifas
Legal namestring
Cifas
Websiteurl
cifas.org.uk
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1988
Descriptiontext

Cifas is a UK-based nonprofit fraud prevention organization founded in 1988 and headquartered in London. It operates the National Fraud Database—the UK's primary fraud data-sharing platform—which recorded 242,000+ identity fraud cases in 2025 and processes the majority of all fraud reports in the UK. The organization serves two distinct customer segments: UK financial institutions (banks and financial services firms) that access the database through membership-based subscription arrangements for cross-institutional fraud detection, and UK consumers via the JustMe mobile app launched in November 2025.

Cifas's core technology includes AI-powered fraud detection systems and a real-time identity verification platform underlying the JustMe consumer app. The JustMe app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro, provides users with notifications when applications are submitted in their name and enables verification of suspicious content including texts, emails, and social media posts. Cifas also produces proprietary research on fraud trends, including insider-threat surveys on employee fraud (credential selling, moonlighting), which functions as both thought leadership and demand generation for the organization's services.

Cifas generates revenue primarily through membership and subscription fees from UK financial institutions for access to the National Fraud Database, supplemented by the freemium JustMe consumer app. The organization is non-equity-financed, operates without public financial reporting, and holds no disclosed patents or certifications. Its competitive position is anchored by its unique, non-replicable data asset and its embedded role in UK fraud-prevention infrastructure, with the City of London Corporation's Digital Verification Orchestrator initiative referencing Cifas data as a potential backbone for national digital identity systems.

Short descriptiontext

Cifas is a UK-based nonprofit founded in 1988 that operates the National Fraud Database for cross-institutional fraud data sharing among UK financial institutions, and launched the JustMe consumer identity-protection app in November 2025 via a partnership with Trend Micro.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
51–100
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersLondon, United Kingdom
HQ citystring
London
HQ countrystring
United Kingdom
HQ regionstring
Europe
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
fraud prevention services, identity verification, fraud data sharing, scam protection, insider threat monitoring
Industry3 codes
1Fraud Risk Management & Anti-Bribery/Anti-Corruption (ABAC)
CodeBPAHAFALPrimaryYes
2Credit Bureaus & Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies
CodeFSAKAKAAPrimaryNo
3Payments Fraud & Chargeback Prevention
CodeHDADALAEPrimaryNo
NAICS code2 codes
  • Credit Bureaus561450
  • Activities Related to Credit Intermediation5223
SIC code1 code
  • Services-Consumer Credit Reporting, Collection Agencies7320
Product category
Fraud Prevention Services
Social media profiles1 record
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model2 records
1Industry Data Sharing Services
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Cifas operates as a fraud prevention membership organization providing data sharing services to UK financial institutions. Banks and financial services companies contribute to and access the National Fraud Database to detect and prevent fraud.

fintechfutures.com
2Consumer Mobile Application
TypeFreemium
Description

JustMe mobile app provides real-time identity verification and scam alerts to UK consumers, representing a direct-to-consumer revenue stream through app distribution.

zawya.com
Marketing channels3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels2 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Technology or R&D, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure
GTM typeB2B and B2C
B2B and B2C
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 record
1JustMe
Description

A mobile app launched in partnership with Trend Micro, offering real-time identity verification and scam alerts for UK consumers, including notifications for applications submitted in the user's name and verification of suspicious content such as texts, emails, and social media posts.

zawya.com
Core offering1 text field

Cifas operates the National Fraud Database, a data-sharing platform that records and shares fraud cases across UK financial institutions for fraud detection and prevention. The organization also offers the JustMe mobile app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro, which provides real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers. Cifas additionally publishes research on insider threats and employee fraud to support its fraud prevention mission.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 5 values shown
  • Recorded 242,000 identity fraud cases in 2025, accounting for over half of all fraud reports
+4 more records
Product overview1 text field

Cifas operates primarily as a fraud prevention organization offering the JustMe mobile app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro. JustMe provides consumers with real-time identity verification and scam alerts. Based on the available sources, JustMe is the primary consumer-facing product offered by Cifas.

Product and service2 records
1National Fraud Database
CategoryFraud Data Sharing Platform
Description

UK's primary fraud data-sharing platform that records, tracks, and shares fraud cases across financial institutions. It enables banks and financial services companies to detect and prevent identity fraud, account takeover, and other fraud types through cross-institutional data sharing and pattern detection.

2JustMe Mobile App
CategoryConsumer Mobile Application
Description

A mobile application developed through partnership with Trend Micro that provides real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers, including alerts when applications are submitted in the user's name and ability to verify suspicious content such as texts, emails, and social media posts.

Scale indicator9 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership2 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2025-11-10
Description

Cifas and Trend Micro announced a strategic partnership to develop and launch JustMe, a mobile app providing real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers. The app notifies users of applications submitted in their name and allows verification of suspicious content including texts, emails, and social media posts. This partnership leverages Trend Micro's technology capabilities with Cifas's fraud intelligence expertise.

Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Cifas data on identity fraud (242,000 cases in 2025) is referenced by the City of London Corporation's Digital Verification Orchestrator initiative, which aims to create a reusable identity system potentially saving £5 billion by reducing fraud and operational costs.

Recent move5 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

Global credit reporting agency with UK presence offering fraud prevention and identity verification solutions. Direct competitor in the UK financial services fraud data and prevention market.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Behavioral biometrics company specializing in fraud detection and account takeover prevention. Provides AI-driven fraud prevention technology complementary to Cifas's database approach, serving UK and global financial institutions.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Major consumer credit bureau operating in the UK with fraud prevention and identity verification services. Competes with Cifas in the UK financial services fraud prevention market with comparable data-sharing and risk management capabilities.

TypeDirect peer
Description

UK-headquartered identity verification and fraud prevention company serving financial institutions globally. Provides comparable identity fraud detection and consumer verification services to UK banks and businesses.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Global data and analytics provider offering fraud detection, identity verification, and compliance solutions to financial institutions. Direct competitor in fraud data analytics serving UK and international banks.

TypeEmerging player
Description

AI-native financial crime and fraud detection platform serving banks and payment providers. Competes with Cifas in real-time fraud prevention with a technology-forward approach targeting financial institutions globally.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Leading analytics and credit scoring company providing fraud detection and financial crime prevention solutions. Comparable fraud scoring and detection technology used by financial institutions globally.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Global credit bureau and consumer credit reporting agency with significant UK operations. Operates fraud prevention and identity verification products comparable to Cifas's National Fraud Database, serving similar UK banks and financial institutions.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Global payments network with fraud prevention and identity verification services (e.g., Mastercard Identity Check, Decision Intelligence). Competes broadly in payments fraud prevention across UK financial institutions.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Global payments network offering fraud prevention and risk management (Visa Risk Manager, Visa Advanced Authorization). Provides payments fraud prevention to UK banks as part of broader card services portfolio.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers3 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile3 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
Yes
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature3 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles2 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Cifas

Fraud Prevention Servicescifas.org.uk

Cifas is a UK-based nonprofit founded in 1988 that operates the National Fraud Database for cross-institutional fraud data sharing among UK financial institutions, and launched the JustMe consumer identity-protection app in November 2025 via a partnership with Trend Micro.

What Cifas does

Cifas is a UK-based nonprofit fraud prevention organization founded in 1988 and headquartered in London. It operates the National Fraud Database—the UK's primary fraud data-sharing platform—which recorded 242,000+ identity fraud cases in 2025 and processes the majority of all fraud reports in the UK. The organization serves two distinct customer segments: UK financial institutions (banks and financial services firms) that access the database through membership-based subscription arrangements for cross-institutional fraud detection, and UK consumers via the JustMe mobile app launched in November 2025.

Cifas's core technology includes AI-powered fraud detection systems and a real-time identity verification platform underlying the JustMe consumer app. The JustMe app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro, provides users with notifications when applications are submitted in their name and enables verification of suspicious content including texts, emails, and social media posts. Cifas also produces proprietary research on fraud trends, including insider-threat surveys on employee fraud (credential selling, moonlighting), which functions as both thought leadership and demand generation for the organization's services.

Cifas generates revenue primarily through membership and subscription fees from UK financial institutions for access to the National Fraud Database, supplemented by the freemium JustMe consumer app. The organization is non-equity-financed, operates without public financial reporting, and holds no disclosed patents or certifications. Its competitive position is anchored by its unique, non-replicable data asset and its embedded role in UK fraud-prevention infrastructure, with the City of London Corporation's Digital Verification Orchestrator initiative referencing Cifas data as a potential backbone for national digital identity systems.

Cifas firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Cifas
Legal name
Cifas
Website
https://cifas.org.uk
Company type
Private
Founded year
1988
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
51–100 employees
Short description
Cifas is a UK-based nonprofit founded in 1988 that operates the National Fraud Database for cross-institutional fraud data sharing among UK financial institutions, and launched the JustMe consumer identity-protection app in November 2025 via a partnership with Trend Micro.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Cifas industry classification

Industry
Product category
Fraud Prevention Services
NAICS
Credit Bureaus (561450), Activities Related to Credit Intermediation (5223)
SIC
Services-Consumer Credit Reporting, Collection Agencies (7320)
akta.pro primary industry
Fraud Risk Management & Anti-Bribery/Anti-Corruption (ABAC) (BPAHAFAL)
akta.pro secondary industries
Credit Bureaus & Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies (FSAKAKAA), Payments Fraud & Chargeback Prevention (HDADALAE)

Keywords

  • Fraud prevention services
  • Identity verification
  • Fraud data sharing
  • Scam protection
  • Insider threat monitoring

Where Cifas is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
London
HQ country
United Kingdom
HQ region
Europe

Offices1 record

Markets served

Cifas business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B and B2C
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Technology or R&D, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure

Revenue model

  1. Industry Data Sharing Services: Cifas operates as a fraud prevention membership organization providing data sharing services to UK financial institutions. Banks and financial services companies contribute to and access the National Fraud Database to detect and prevent fraud.
  2. Consumer Mobile Application: JustMe mobile app provides real-time identity verification and scam alerts to UK consumers, representing a direct-to-consumer revenue stream through app distribution.

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels2 records

Marketing channels3 records

Cifas product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Cifas operates the National Fraud Database, a data-sharing platform that records and shares fraud cases across UK financial institutions for fraud detection and prevention. The organization also offers the JustMe mobile app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro, which provides real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers. Cifas additionally publishes research on insider threats and employee fraud to support its fraud prevention mission.

Product overview

Cifas operates primarily as a fraud prevention organization offering the JustMe mobile app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro. JustMe provides consumers with real-time identity verification and scam alerts. Based on the available sources, JustMe is the primary consumer-facing product offered by Cifas.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • JustMe: A mobile app launched in partnership with Trend Micro, offering real-time identity verification and scam alerts for UK consumers, including notifications for applications submitted in the user's name and verification of suspicious content such as texts, emails, and social media posts.

Products and services

  • National Fraud Database UK's primary fraud data-sharing platform that records, tracks, and shares fraud cases across financial institutions. It enables banks and financial services companies to detect and prevent identity fraud, account takeover, and other fraud types through cross-institutional data sharing and pattern detection.
  • JustMe Mobile App A mobile application developed through partnership with Trend Micro that provides real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers, including alerts when applications are submitted in the user's name and ability to verify suspicious content such as texts, emails, and social media posts.

Quantifiable outcome

  • Recorded 242,000 identity fraud cases in 2025, accounting for over half of all fraud reports
  • +4 more outcomes

Companies that use Cifas

Customer profile

Named customers3 records

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

Cifas technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed Yes

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature3 records

Cifas partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Two partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

  • Trend MicrocoreTechnology or Integration · 10 November 2025Cifas and Trend Micro announced a strategic partnership to develop and launch JustMe, a mobile app providing real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers. The app notifies users of applications submitted in their name and allows verification of suspicious content including texts, emails, and social media posts. This partnership leverages Trend Micro's technology capabilities with Cifas's fraud intelligence expertise.
  • City of London CorporationminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerCifas data on identity fraud (242,000 cases in 2025) is referenced by the City of London Corporation's Digital Verification Orchestrator initiative, which aims to create a reusable identity system potentially saving £5 billion by reducing fraud and operational costs.

Scale indicators9 records

Recent moves5 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Cifas competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • TransUnion: Global credit reporting agency with UK presence offering fraud prevention and identity verification solutions. Direct competitor in the UK financial services fraud data and prevention market.
  • Equifax: Major consumer credit bureau operating in the UK with fraud prevention and identity verification services. Competes with Cifas in the UK financial services fraud prevention market with comparable data-sharing and risk management capabilities.
  • GBG: UK-headquartered identity verification and fraud prevention company serving financial institutions globally. Provides comparable identity fraud detection and consumer verification services to UK banks and businesses.
  • LexisNexis Risk Solutions: Global data and analytics provider offering fraud detection, identity verification, and compliance solutions to financial institutions. Direct competitor in fraud data analytics serving UK and international banks.
  • FICO: Leading analytics and credit scoring company providing fraud detection and financial crime prevention solutions. Comparable fraud scoring and detection technology used by financial institutions globally.
  • Experian: Global credit bureau and consumer credit reporting agency with significant UK operations. Operates fraud prevention and identity verification products comparable to Cifas's National Fraud Database, serving similar UK banks and financial institutions.

Emerging players

  • BioCatch: Behavioral biometrics company specializing in fraud detection and account takeover prevention. Provides AI-driven fraud prevention technology complementary to Cifas's database approach, serving UK and global financial institutions.
  • Feedzai: AI-native financial crime and fraud detection platform serving banks and payment providers. Competes with Cifas in real-time fraud prevention with a technology-forward approach targeting financial institutions globally.

Broad incumbents

  • Mastercard (Identity and Fraud): Global payments network with fraud prevention and identity verification services (e.g., Mastercard Identity Check, Decision Intelligence). Competes broadly in payments fraud prevention across UK financial institutions.
  • Visa (Risk and Identity Solutions): Global payments network offering fraud prevention and risk management (Visa Risk Manager, Visa Advanced Authorization). Provides payments fraud prevention to UK banks as part of broader card services portfolio.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

Cifas social profiles

Digital presence

Cifas financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Cifas leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles2 records

Cifas funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Cifas M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Cifas

What does Cifas do?

Cifas operates the National Fraud Database, a data-sharing platform that records and shares fraud cases across UK financial institutions for fraud detection and prevention. The organization also offers the JustMe mobile app, developed in partnership with Trend Micro, which provides real-time identity verification and scam protection for UK consumers. Cifas additionally publishes research on insider threats and employee fraud to support its fraud prevention mission.

Is Cifas a public or private company?

Cifas is a private company. It is classified as nonprofit foundation owned and is currently operating.

When was Cifas founded?

Cifas was founded in 1988. It employs 51 to 100 people.

Where is Cifas based?

Cifas is headquartered in London, United Kingdom, in the Europe region.

How does Cifas make money?

Two revenue lines are on record. Industry Data Sharing Services are the primary driver. The others are consumer Mobile Application.

Who are Cifas's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are TransUnion, Equifax, GBG, LexisNexis Risk Solutions, FICO and Experian. Emerging players are BioCatch and Feedzai. Broad incumbents are Mastercard (Identity and Fraud) and Visa (Risk and Identity Solutions).

Does Cifas have an API?

No public API is recorded for Cifas.

What industry is Cifas in?

Cifas's product category is Fraud Prevention Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is BPAHAFAL, Fraud Risk Management & Anti-Bribery/Anti-Corruption (ABAC), with a secondary code of FSAKAKAA, Credit Bureaus & Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies. Its NAICS code is 561450 and its SIC code is 7320.

Unlock the full company data

50 free credits on sign-up, no credit card required.

Contact sales
Live signals
FinextraFraudscape 2026: Six fraud trends that deserve closer attention: By Ben O'BrienCifas recorded 220,041 fraud-risk cases in H1 2026, a 1% rise, but identity fraud up 9%, money muling 69%, and SIM swap 402%. Identity fraud now accounts for 55% of filings, with plastic cards and bank accounts at 68%. Firms should adopt federated learning and review verification tools.IBS IntelligenceUK firms urged to strengthen expense controls amid fraud risksThe UK government's Counter Fraud Strategy 2026–2030 has prompted experts to urge firms to strengthen expense controls, citing employee expense fraud as a major risk. A 2025 Cifas survey found nearly a quarter of employees could justify expense fraud, with AI tools increasingly used to create fake receipts. Experts recommend integrating expense management with accounting systems for better visibility.AijournProtecting Your Identity When Requesting a Birth Certificate OnlineAn opinion piece advises consumers treating online birth certificate requests as high-value identity transactions, warning that generative AI lowers barriers to impersonation, phishing, and document forgery. It cites a 2025 review finding deepfakes and counterfeit documents are complicating fraud detection, and Cifas' 118,000 identity-fraud cases in the first half of 2025. The author recommends verifying the website, minimizing disclosed data, checking retention policies, and monitoring follow-up communications.Biometric UpdateCifas analysis shows UK needs better detection for record identity fraudCifas analysis of UK National Fraud Database figures for January-June 2026 shows identity fraud accounted for 59% of 220,000 recorded risk cases, a 9% increase. Money-muling cases rose 69% to over 13,000, and unauthorized SIM-swap cases jumped 402% year-over-year.Help Net SecurityYour coworker might be selling company logins, and thinks it’s fineCifas, a UK fraud prevention organization, released research showing that 24% of 2,000 UK employees surveyed consider secretly working for a competitor acceptable, while 13% said they or someone they knew had sold company login credentials. The survey found that employee-driven fraud is increasingly being justified across industries, with one-third of senior managers and directors considering such behavior justifiable. Fraud is estimated to cost the UK £219 billion annually.TechRadar'These findings aren’t isolated incidents': A shocking number of workers would be willing to sell out their company data for moneyCifas released research quantifying insider threats, revealing that 18% of workers admit to having sold company login credentials for money and 24% consider expenses fraud justifiable, with the findings reflecting a broader shift in workplace behaviors. The research also found 24% of workers believe it's acceptable to secretly work for a competitor and 19% know someone who used fake job references to get hired. Cifas recommends companies implement insider threat monitoring, stronger identity verification, robust background checks, and improved company culture alongside employee training to address these risks.Kennedys Law LLPThe rise of tech-driven financial crimeThe FCA has led an international enforcement initiative coordinated through IOSCO targeting illegal 'finfluencer' activity, securing guilty pleas, issuing warning letters, and submitting 120 account takedown requests to social media platforms. Separately, the FCA launched its first multi-agency operation against unlawful peer-to-peer crypto trading in London, serving cease and desist letters at eight locations while working with HMRC, SWROCU, and the Metropolitan Police. According to Cifas, AI-enabled scams drove a record 444,000 fraud cases in the UK in 2025, a 6% increase from 2024, as criminals increasingly use AI tools for sophisticated impersonation, synthetic identities, and fraud-as-a-service operations.Biometric UpdateOne fifth of ID theft victims will have their identity reused: SynecticsMore than 20 percent of identity theft victims have their identity reused to access different financial services, with one case showing a single stolen identity used 10 times across seven products in four sectors, according to data from National SIRA analyzed by Synectics Solutions. The research found that stolen identity reuse rises to 66 percent in ghost broking cases, which have increased by 93 percent year-on-year, and most reused identities remain active for more than 90 days. A separate Cifas report revealed that the UK registered over 242,000 identity fraud cases in 2025, accounting for over half of all fraud reports despite a three percent year-on-year decline.ThebankerUse of UK bank accounts to facilitate fraud jumps 44%UK banks experienced a 44% increase in cases of accounts being used to facilitate fraud in 2025, amounting to 87,554 incidents, according to industry data from Cifas.The IndependentWarning criminals are exploiting AI after record number of UK scam reportsA record 445,000 scams were reported to the UK's National Fraud Database in 2025, with fraud prevention service Cifas reporting that criminals are exploiting artificial intelligence to industrialise fraud, including 250,000 cases of identity theft and 18% facility takeovers. Fraud now accounts for 45% of all crime in England and Wales, affecting one in 14 adults and one in four businesses, with the economy losing more than £14bn annually. The Home Office and National Crime Agency announced a new online crime squad backed by £250m over three years, bringing together specialists from government, police, intelligence agencies, banks, mobile networks, and major tech firms to disrupt criminal operations.