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Catholic Legal Immigration Network

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uuid000ab9c

Namestring
Catholic Legal Immigration Network
Legal namestring
Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc.
Websiteurl
cliniclegal.org
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1988
Descriptiontext

Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc. (CLINIC) is the largest nonprofit immigration law organization in the United States, founded in 1988 by the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops and headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland, with a West Coast office in Oakland. The organization operates a network-based service model supporting more than 420 affiliate organizations across 49 states and the District of Columbia, training and credentialing approximately 3,000 legal representatives who collectively serve nearly 500,000 immigrants annually. Service offerings span asylum representation, family reunification, removal proceedings, detention defense, naturalization and citizenship preparation, Temporary Protected Status (TPS), DACA, and a specialized Religious Immigration Services program for faith-based organizations and foreign-born religious workers.

CLINIC's core non-legal products consist of practitioner toolkits — including the DOJ Recognition and Accreditation Toolkit, Case Management Toolkit, Removal Proceedings Toolkit, and topical resources on TPS, DACA, public charge, and family detention — alongside recurring policy briefs (Topline Immigration Policy Updates), an online training calendar, and an annual CLINIC Convening. The organization is governed by a board with a majority of bishops and maintains close institutional alignment with the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops' Migration and Refugee Services. Anna Marie Gallagher has served as Executive Director, leading the organization alongside a Deputy Director, Chief of Staff, Chief Program Officer, and directors spanning Advancement, Field Engagement, Communications, HR/DEI, Finance, Religious Immigration Services, Training, Advocacy, and Operations.

Revenue is generated through foundation grants (notably the Andrew Carnegie Foundation and Texas Bar Foundation), Catholic Church support, individual donations, and affiliate membership fees. Federal grants from USCIS — including a $1 million Regional Hub Program award in 2022 and Citizenship and Integration Grant Program funding — provide episodic, larger-scale inflows. Services are delivered to immigrants at no direct cost through the affiliate network rather than via a direct-to-consumer model. CLINIC also engages in litigation and policy advocacy, including leading a 2026 federal lawsuit challenging a 75-country green card suspension, and participates in coalitions such as Ready To Stay, Welcome With Dignity, and Catholics Against Racism in Immigration (CARI).

Short descriptiontext

CLINIC is the largest U.S. nonprofit immigration law organization, founded in 1988 by the U.S. Catholic Bishops. It trains and supports 420+ affiliates across 49 states, serving nearly 500,000 immigrants annually through legal representation, training, and advocacy.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
51–100
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersSilver Spring, United States
HQ citystring
Silver Spring
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices2 records

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
immigration legal services, legal advocacy training, nonprofit affiliate network, citizenship and integration, religious worker immigration
NAICS code1 code
  • Individual and Family Services6241
SIC code1 code
  • Services-Social Services8300
Product category
Immigration Legal Services
Social media profiles1 record
GTM motion3 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model4 records
1Foundation Grants
TypeLicensing Royalties
Description

CLINIC receives grants from foundations such as the Andrew Carnegie Foundation and Texas Bar Foundation to support training and legal services programs.

cliniclegal.org
2Catholic Church Support
TypeLicensing Royalties
Description

CLINIC operates with financial support from the Catholic Church, reflecting its founding by the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops.

cliniclegal.org
3Individual Donations
TypeLicensing Royalties
Description

CLINIC accepts donations from individuals to support its mission of providing immigration legal services.

cliniclegal.org
4Donations
TypeLicensing Royalties
Description

Monthly donations and support scholarships for representatives to gain training.

cliniclegal.org
Marketing channels6 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Others
Pricing details1 tier
1Affiliate network membership provides access to training, technical support, and resources
ModelOtherBilling cadenceAnnual
Notes

Affiliate agencies benefit from access to extensive training and technical support on immigration program management and immigration law practice through annual membership.

cliniclegal.org
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

CLINIC is a nonprofit organization that supports a nationwide network of 420+ immigration legal services affiliates across 49 states through training, technical assistance, advocacy, and resource toolkits. It also provides direct immigration legal services to religious organizations and foreign-born religious workers through its Religious Immigration Services practice, and delivers federal grant-funded citizenship and integration programs. Core beneficiaries are low-income immigrants seeking asylum, family reunification, naturalization, removal defense, TPS, DACA, and religious worker immigration.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 3 values shown
  • Nearly 500,000 immigrants served annually through the affiliate network
+2 more records
Product and service5 records
1Affiliate Network Membership and Coordination
CategoryImmigration Legal Services Network
Description

Annual membership program for Catholic and community-based nonprofit immigration legal services providers that delivers training, technical assistance, toolkits, and network support to enable affiliates to serve low-income immigrants. Members benefit from coordination across CLINIC's nationwide network and access to federal grant-funded programs.

2Religious Immigration Services
CategoryReligious Worker Immigration
Description

Direct legal representation and consultation for Catholic and other faith-based organizations and their foreign-born religious workers, covering R-1 visas, permanent residence, status changes, and extensions. The practice serves religious institutes, dioceses, and faith-based employers sponsoring international religious workers.

3Training and Technical Assistance Programs
CategoryProfessional Training and Education
Description

Continuing education and capacity-building programs for immigration attorneys, DOJ-accredited representatives, and affiliate staff, including the annual CLINIC Convening, webinars, virtual workshops, in-person trainings, the Partial to Full Accreditation Initiative, and the CLINIC Interfaith Immigration Summit.

4Federal Immigration Advocacy and Policy
CategoryPolicy Advocacy and Government Relations
Description

Working with CLINIC's Advocacy and Government Relations team to influence federal immigration policy, including published advocacy priorities, Action Alerts, State and Local Advocacy Newsletter, and participation in coalitions such as the Ready To Stay Coalition and the Welcome With Dignity Campaign.

5Practitioner Toolkits and Resource Library
CategoryPractitioner Resources and Toolkits
Description

Educational toolkits and resource library for immigration legal practitioners, including the DOJ Recognition and Accreditation Toolkit, Case Management Toolkit, Removal Proceedings Toolkit, and Program Management resources distributed through the website. Users are CLINIC affiliate staff and external nonprofit immigration practitioners.

Scale indicator5 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership4 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

CLINIC was founded by the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops and collaborates with USCCB's Migration and Refugee Services department on advocacy and policy priorities. CLINIC is governed by a board with a majority of bishops.

2Ready To Stay Coalition
Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

CLINIC joined 17 national organizations in launching the Ready To Stay campaign, a national effort to help immigrants navigate and access legal services across all 50 states.

cliniclegal.org
3Welcome With Dignity Campaign
Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

CLINIC participates in this campaign alongside member organizations to advocate for humane immigration policies and resist anti-immigrant legislation.

cliniclegal.org
Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

CLINIC launched the Catholics Against Racism in Immigration (CARI) initiative with NETWORK Lobby to take action against systemic racism in the U.S. immigration system.

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight6 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers9 records
TypeBroad incumbent
Description

The national umbrella for Catholic social service agencies, many of which are CLINIC affiliates. Directly comparable as a faith-based, federally connected network delivering social and legal services to vulnerable populations through diocesan chapters.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Large humanitarian nonprofit serving refugees and immigrants with legal aid, resettlement, and advocacy. Comparable in scale, multi-state footprint, federal grant reliance, and immigration legal services delivery to vulnerable populations.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Nonprofit providing legal representation to unaccompanied immigrant children through a network of attorneys and partner organizations. Closely comparable mission and network-based service model, though narrower in scope (children only).

TypeDirect peer
Description

Jewish-founded refugee resettlement and immigration legal services agency with affiliate network model. Highly comparable operating structure, faith-anchored identity, and service mix of legal representation plus resettlement support.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Faith-based network of immigration legal services clinics serving low-income immigrants. Closely comparable affiliate model, mission alignment, and reliance on DOJ-accredited representatives for direct service delivery.

TypeDirect peer
Description

National advocacy organization dedicated to defending and advancing the rights of low-income immigrants. Comparable federal policy focus, litigation posture, and role as a backbone organization for the immigrant rights field.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Bar association for immigration attorneys that provides training, publications, and policy advocacy. Comparable in producing practitioner training, policy commentary, and serving as a national voice on immigration law practice.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Nonprofit providing legal representation and community support to asylum seekers. Comparable mission focus on vulnerable immigrant populations, though operates without a traditional affiliate network model.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Largest pro bono law firm in the U.S., providing immigration legal services among other practice areas. Comparable as a nonprofit legal services provider to low-income populations with similar advocacy and direct representation work.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat6 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers3 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile3 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature3 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles13 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Catholic Legal Immigration Network

Immigration Legal Servicescliniclegal.org

CLINIC is the largest U.S. nonprofit immigration law organization, founded in 1988 by the U.S. Catholic Bishops. It trains and supports 420+ affiliates across 49 states, serving nearly 500,000 immigrants annually through legal representation, training, and advocacy.

What Catholic Legal Immigration Network does

Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc. (CLINIC) is the largest nonprofit immigration law organization in the United States, founded in 1988 by the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops and headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland, with a West Coast office in Oakland. The organization operates a network-based service model supporting more than 420 affiliate organizations across 49 states and the District of Columbia, training and credentialing approximately 3,000 legal representatives who collectively serve nearly 500,000 immigrants annually. Service offerings span asylum representation, family reunification, removal proceedings, detention defense, naturalization and citizenship preparation, Temporary Protected Status (TPS), DACA, and a specialized Religious Immigration Services program for faith-based organizations and foreign-born religious workers.

CLINIC's core non-legal products consist of practitioner toolkits — including the DOJ Recognition and Accreditation Toolkit, Case Management Toolkit, Removal Proceedings Toolkit, and topical resources on TPS, DACA, public charge, and family detention — alongside recurring policy briefs (Topline Immigration Policy Updates), an online training calendar, and an annual CLINIC Convening. The organization is governed by a board with a majority of bishops and maintains close institutional alignment with the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops' Migration and Refugee Services. Anna Marie Gallagher has served as Executive Director, leading the organization alongside a Deputy Director, Chief of Staff, Chief Program Officer, and directors spanning Advancement, Field Engagement, Communications, HR/DEI, Finance, Religious Immigration Services, Training, Advocacy, and Operations.

Revenue is generated through foundation grants (notably the Andrew Carnegie Foundation and Texas Bar Foundation), Catholic Church support, individual donations, and affiliate membership fees. Federal grants from USCIS — including a $1 million Regional Hub Program award in 2022 and Citizenship and Integration Grant Program funding — provide episodic, larger-scale inflows. Services are delivered to immigrants at no direct cost through the affiliate network rather than via a direct-to-consumer model. CLINIC also engages in litigation and policy advocacy, including leading a 2026 federal lawsuit challenging a 75-country green card suspension, and participates in coalitions such as Ready To Stay, Welcome With Dignity, and Catholics Against Racism in Immigration (CARI).

Catholic Legal Immigration Network firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Catholic Legal Immigration Network
Legal name
Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc.
Website
https://cliniclegal.org
Company type
Private
Founded year
1988
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
51–100 employees
Short description
CLINIC is the largest U.S. nonprofit immigration law organization, founded in 1988 by the U.S. Catholic Bishops. It trains and supports 420+ affiliates across 49 states, serving nearly 500,000 immigrants annually through legal representation, training, and advocacy.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where Catholic Legal Immigration Network is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Silver Spring
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices2 records

Markets served

Catholic Legal Immigration Network business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Others

Revenue model

  1. Foundation Grants: CLINIC receives grants from foundations such as the Andrew Carnegie Foundation and Texas Bar Foundation to support training and legal services programs.
  2. Catholic Church Support: CLINIC operates with financial support from the Catholic Church, reflecting its founding by the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops.
  3. Individual Donations: CLINIC accepts donations from individuals to support its mission of providing immigration legal services.
  4. Donations: Monthly donations and support scholarships for representatives to gain training.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
OtherAnnualAffiliate network membership provides access to training, technical support, and resources

Go-to-market motion3 records

Distribution channels3 records

Marketing channels6 records

Catholic Legal Immigration Network product offering

Product offering

Core offering

CLINIC is a nonprofit organization that supports a nationwide network of 420+ immigration legal services affiliates across 49 states through training, technical assistance, advocacy, and resource toolkits. It also provides direct immigration legal services to religious organizations and foreign-born religious workers through its Religious Immigration Services practice, and delivers federal grant-funded citizenship and integration programs. Core beneficiaries are low-income immigrants seeking asylum, family reunification, naturalization, removal defense, TPS, DACA, and religious worker immigration.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • Affiliate Network Membership and Coordination Annual membership program for Catholic and community-based nonprofit immigration legal services providers that delivers training, technical assistance, toolkits, and network support to enable affiliates to serve low-income immigrants. Members benefit from coordination across CLINIC's nationwide network and access to federal grant-funded programs.
  • Religious Immigration Services Direct legal representation and consultation for Catholic and other faith-based organizations and their foreign-born religious workers, covering R-1 visas, permanent residence, status changes, and extensions. The practice serves religious institutes, dioceses, and faith-based employers sponsoring international religious workers.
  • Training and Technical Assistance Programs Continuing education and capacity-building programs for immigration attorneys, DOJ-accredited representatives, and affiliate staff, including the annual CLINIC Convening, webinars, virtual workshops, in-person trainings, the Partial to Full Accreditation Initiative, and the CLINIC Interfaith Immigration Summit.
  • Federal Immigration Advocacy and Policy Working with CLINIC's Advocacy and Government Relations team to influence federal immigration policy, including published advocacy priorities, Action Alerts, State and Local Advocacy Newsletter, and participation in coalitions such as the Ready To Stay Coalition and the Welcome With Dignity Campaign.
  • Practitioner Toolkits and Resource Library Educational toolkits and resource library for immigration legal practitioners, including the DOJ Recognition and Accreditation Toolkit, Case Management Toolkit, Removal Proceedings Toolkit, and Program Management resources distributed through the website. Users are CLINIC affiliate staff and external nonprofit immigration practitioners.

Quantifiable outcome

  • Nearly 500,000 immigrants served annually through the affiliate network
  • +2 more outcomes

Companies that use Catholic Legal Immigration Network

Customer profile

Named customers3 records

Segments4 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

Catholic Legal Immigration Network technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature3 records

Catholic Legal Immigration Network partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Four partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

  • U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB)coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerCLINIC was founded by the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops and collaborates with USCCB's Migration and Refugee Services department on advocacy and policy priorities. CLINIC is governed by a board with a majority of bishops.
  • Ready To Stay CoalitionminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerCLINIC joined 17 national organizations in launching the Ready To Stay campaign, a national effort to help immigrants navigate and access legal services across all 50 states.
  • Welcome With Dignity CampaignminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerCLINIC participates in this campaign alongside member organizations to advocate for humane immigration policies and resist anti-immigrant legislation.
  • NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social JusticeminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerCLINIC launched the Catholics Against Racism in Immigration (CARI) initiative with NETWORK Lobby to take action against systemic racism in the U.S. immigration system.

Scale indicators5 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights6 records

Catholic Legal Immigration Network competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Broad incumbents

  • Catholic Charities USA: The national umbrella for Catholic social service agencies, many of which are CLINIC affiliates. Directly comparable as a faith-based, federally connected network delivering social and legal services to vulnerable populations through diocesan chapters.
  • International Rescue Committee (IRC): Large humanitarian nonprofit serving refugees and immigrants with legal aid, resettlement, and advocacy. Comparable in scale, multi-state footprint, federal grant reliance, and immigration legal services delivery to vulnerable populations.
  • American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA): Bar association for immigration attorneys that provides training, publications, and policy advocacy. Comparable in producing practitioner training, policy commentary, and serving as a national voice on immigration law practice.

Direct peers

  • Kids in Need of Defense (KIND): Nonprofit providing legal representation to unaccompanied immigrant children through a network of attorneys and partner organizations. Closely comparable mission and network-based service model, though narrower in scope (children only).
  • HIAS: Jewish-founded refugee resettlement and immigration legal services agency with affiliate network model. Highly comparable operating structure, faith-anchored identity, and service mix of legal representation plus resettlement support.
  • Justice for Our Neighbors (JFON): Faith-based network of immigration legal services clinics serving low-income immigrants. Closely comparable affiliate model, mission alignment, and reliance on DOJ-accredited representatives for direct service delivery.
  • National Immigration Law Center (NILC): National advocacy organization dedicated to defending and advancing the rights of low-income immigrants. Comparable federal policy focus, litigation posture, and role as a backbone organization for the immigrant rights field.
  • Public Counsel: Largest pro bono law firm in the U.S., providing immigration legal services among other practice areas. Comparable as a nonprofit legal services provider to low-income populations with similar advocacy and direct representation work.

Emerging players

  • Asylum Seeker Advocacy Project (ASAP): Nonprofit providing legal representation and community support to asylum seekers. Comparable mission focus on vulnerable immigrant populations, though operates without a traditional affiliate network model.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat6 records

Key risks5 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

Catholic Legal Immigration Network social profiles

Digital presence

Catholic Legal Immigration Network financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Catholic Legal Immigration Network leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles13 records

Catholic Legal Immigration Network funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Catholic Legal Immigration Network M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Catholic Legal Immigration Network

What does Catholic Legal Immigration Network do?

CLINIC is a nonprofit organization that supports a nationwide network of 420+ immigration legal services affiliates across 49 states through training, technical assistance, advocacy, and resource toolkits. It also provides direct immigration legal services to religious organizations and foreign-born religious workers through its Religious Immigration Services practice, and delivers federal grant-funded citizenship and integration programs. Core beneficiaries are low-income immigrants seeking asylum, family reunification, naturalization, removal defense, TPS, DACA, and religious worker immigration.

Is Catholic Legal Immigration Network a public or private company?

Catholic Legal Immigration Network is a private company. It is classified as nonprofit foundation owned and is currently operating.

When was Catholic Legal Immigration Network founded?

Catholic Legal Immigration Network was founded in 1988. It employs 51 to 100 people.

Where is Catholic Legal Immigration Network based?

Catholic Legal Immigration Network is headquartered in Silver Spring, United States, in the North America region.

How does Catholic Legal Immigration Network make money?

Four revenue lines are on record. Foundation Grants are the primary driver. The others are catholic Church Support, individual Donations and donations.

Who are Catholic Legal Immigration Network's main competitors?

Broad incumbents on record are Catholic Charities USA, International Rescue Committee (IRC) and American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA). Direct peers are Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), HIAS, Justice for Our Neighbors (JFON), National Immigration Law Center (NILC) and Public Counsel. Asylum Seeker Advocacy Project (ASAP) is listed as an emerging player.

Does Catholic Legal Immigration Network have an API?

No public API is recorded for Catholic Legal Immigration Network.

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Live signals
Gadgets 360"Patently Unlawful": US Judge Strikes Policy Suspending Immigrant Visa For 75 NationsA US federal judge ruled that a Trump administration policy suspending immigrant visas for applicants from 75 countries was patently unlawful and exceeded the Secretary of State's statutory authority. The ruling, issued in a lawsuit filed by immigrant rights groups including Catholic Legal Immigration Network and African Communities Together, invalidates the suspension which had been in effect since January.Business Standard75-country green card freeze: Lawsuit says Trump's curbs are unlawfulA lawsuit filed in the Southern District of New York on February 2, 2026, challenges the Trump administration's policy suspending green card processing for immigrants from 75 countries, arguing it violates the Administrative Procedure Act, Immigration and Nationality Act, and constitutional equal protection. The State Department paused green cards for countries including Brazil, Colombia, Nigeria, and Iran starting January 21, citing concerns about immigrants' likelihood of relying on public benefits, and has not disclosed how long the review will last. The complaint, led by Catholic Legal Immigration Network Inc., argues the freeze uses the public charge provision in a sweeping manner never intended by Congress and amounts to categorical nationality-based discrimination.Bloomberg Law NewsTrump’s 75-Country Green Card Freeze Challenged in Lawsuit (3)Catholic Legal Immigration Network Inc. and multiple partner organizations filed a lawsuit in the Southern District of New York on February 2 challenging a Trump administration policy that suspended green cards for immigrants from 75 countries, arguing it violates the Administrative Procedure Act, Immigration and Nationality Act, and constitutional equal protection. The State Department paused immigrant visa issuance starting January 21 for countries including Brazil, Colombia, Nigeria, and Iran while reviewing policies to assess immigrants' likelihood of using public benefits, with no timeline given for the review. Individual plaintiffs include a Colombian endocrinologist approved for an EB-1A employment-based visa and a Colombian clean energy engineer approved under the EB-2 national interest waiver category, both now blocked from entering the US and potentially losing their visas under annual caps.