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All Aboard America Holdings

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uuid000dtl8

Namestring
All Aboard America Holdings
Legal namestring
All Aboard America! Holdings, Inc.
Websiteurl
aaahinc.com
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
2012
Descriptiontext

All Aboard America Holdings (legal name: All Aboard America! Holdings, Inc.) is a Delaware-incorporated holding company headquartered in Lakewood, Colorado, that operates a portfolio of six wholly-owned regional charter bus subsidiaries plus a dedicated K-12 school transportation subsidiary. Operating across California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, the company runs more than 500 motor coaches and supports over 5,000,000 miles of service annually, making it the second-largest motorcoach operator in the United States. Its subsidiary brands — Ace Express Coaches, Hotard Coaches, Sun Diego Charter Company, All Aboard America, Lux Bus America, First Class Transportation, and All Aboard School Transportation — each retain regional brand identity while operating under shared corporate services.

The company sells four primary service lines: (1) one-time and recurring charter bus services for groups including schools, sports teams, conventions, corporate events, and tours; (2) contracted fixed-route and demand-response transit services for government agencies and transit districts; (3) large-scale employee shuttle programs for enterprise customers including Northrop Grumman, SAIC, General Dynamics NASSCO, and United Airlines; and (4) K-12 school transportation, including SPAB-certified operations in California. All Aboard America maintains the highest DOT, DOD, and FMCSA safety ratings across its subsidiaries. The company's underlying technology stack is conventional fleet operations tooling — GPS tracking, driver safety monitoring, WiFi-equipped coaches, and route optimization — rather than proprietary AI/ML systems. Pricing is quote-based across all service lines, with multi-year contracts on the contracted/enterprise side.

The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kelsian Group (ASX: KLS), Australia's largest integrated multi-modal transport provider and tourism operator, which provides a multi-jurisdictional platform spanning Australia, the USA, Singapore, London, and the Channel Islands. Within the US portfolio, go-to-market is sales-led and direct, combining field sales teams at each subsidiary with quote-request portals on each brand's website and dedicated phone lines by region. Customer segments are horizontal, spanning government/transit agencies, corporate employers, K-12 schools, casinos/gaming, event planners, and higher education, with no publicly disclosed pricing or revenue figures.

Short descriptiontext

All Aboard America Holdings is a Lakewood, Colorado-based holding company operating a portfolio of six regional charter bus subsidiaries plus a K-12 school transport arm, running 500+ motor coaches across 7 US states. It serves government transit districts, corporate employers, schools, and event planners, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Australia's Kelsian Group.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
1,001–5,000
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersLakewood, United States
HQ citystring
Lakewood
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices14 records

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
charter bus services, motorcoach transportation, employee shuttle services, school bus transportation, transit services
NAICS code1 code
  • Charter Bus Industry48551
SIC code1 code
  • Trucking & Courier Services (No Air)4210
Product category
Charter Bus and Motorcoach Transportation Services
No data
GTM motion2 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model4 records
1Charter Bus Services
TypeOne Time License
Description

Providing charter bus services for groups including field trips, sports teams, conventions, corporate events, casino excursions, and tours. Revenue generated through hourly or distance-based charter fees.

aaahinc.com
2Contracted Transit Services
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Fixed-route and demand-response transit services contracted with government agencies, transit districts, and municipalities. Includes park & ride shuttle services and public transit operations.

aaahinc.com
3Employee Shuttles
TypeManaged Services
Description

Large-scale employee shuttle services for construction projects, oil fields, work sites, and corporate campuses. Contracted services with major corporations.

aaahinc.com
4K-12 School Transportation
TypeOthers
Description

Charter transportation services for schools including field trips and sports travel, including SPAB certified operations in California.

aaahinc.com
Marketing channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D
Pricing details1 tier
1Custom quote-based pricing for all services
ModelOtherBilling cadenceMulti-year contract
Notes

Quote-based pricing varies by service type, distance, duration, vehicle requirements, and contract terms. Each subsidiary has dedicated quote request portals.

aaahinc.com
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 of 7 records shown
1Ace Express Coaches
Description

Charter bus services in Colorado with over 30 years of experience, serving nearly 700 clients and transporting over 1 million passengers annually.

aaahinc.com
+6 more records
Core offering1 text field

All Aboard America Holdings is a holding company that operates a multi-brand portfolio of charter bus and motorcoach companies delivering passenger transportation across the southwestern United States and Gulf Coast. The companies provide group charter services, employee shuttles for large employers, K-12 and university transportation, casino shuttles, fixed-route and demand-response public transit, and park-and-ride services through a fleet of over 500 vehicles operating in 7 states.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 4 values shown
  • Transports over 1 million passengers annually
+3 more records
Product overview1 text field

All Aboard America Holdings is a holding company operating a multi-brand portfolio of six regional charter bus companies across the southwestern United States and Gulf Coast. The portfolio includes Ace Express Coaches (Colorado), Hotard Coaches (Louisiana & Gulf Coast), Sun Diego Charter Company (Southern California), All Aboard America (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Lux Bus America (California), and First Class Transportation (Texas), plus All Aboard School Transportation for K-12 services. Together these companies operate over 500 buses and offer a comprehensive suite of transportation services including charter services, employee shuttles, campus shuttles, casino shuttles, park & ride, fixed route/transit services, and K-12 school transportation. The company also provides SPAB-certified school bus services in California and maintains the highest DOT, DOD, and FMCSA safety ratings.

Product and service7 records
1Charter Services
CategoryCharter Transportation
Description

Group charter bus services for parties, proms, businesses, churches, and various occasions with equipment serving groups of all sizes, available through the company's regional subsidiaries.

2K-12 Transportation
CategorySchool Transportation
Description

School bus transportation services for sports seasons and field trips with rigorous fleet maintenance programs and top safety ratings, including SPAB certification in California.

3Employee Shuttles
CategoryContract Shuttle Services
Description

Custom employee shuttles including large-scale construction project shuttles, transporting workers to oil fields, work sites, and corporate campuses for clients including Northrop Grumman, SAIC, General Dynamics NASSCO, and United Airlines.

4Campus Shuttles
CategoryContract Shuttle Services
Description

University, college, and large employer campus shuttle programs offering safe, affordable, and customizable solutions from a single bus to full campus transportation systems.

5Casino Shuttles
CategoryCasino Transportation
Description

Casino transportation including scheduled casino bus routes, casino employee shuttles, private group charters, and over-the-road charters to out-of-state casino destinations.

6Park & Ride Services
CategoryTransit Services
Description

Transit district park-and-ride solutions including route planning, shuttle services connecting facilities with transit systems, airport shuttles, and regional commuter shuttles.

7Fixed Route / Transit Services
CategoryTransit Services
Description

Public transit services, line run service for government agencies, and commuter services operating dozens of scheduled routes daily.

Scale indicator9 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

One of the largest motorcoach and charter bus operators in North America, providing charter, sightseeing, airport transfers, and scheduled service across the US. Closest like-for-like competitor to AAAH on fleet scale and product mix.

TypeDirect peer
Description

The largest North American operator of student transportation, contracted to thousands of school districts. Comparable to AAAH's K-12 SPAB-certified and contracted school transportation business, with similar multi-year contract economics.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Family-owned motorcoach and charter bus operator serving the Northeast US with charter, commuter, and shuttle services. Comparable in product scope (charter + scheduled shuttle) to AAAH's regional operators like Hotard and Ace Express.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Northeast US motorcoach operator providing charter, school transportation, and contract services. Comparable mid-size charter and contracted-services operator to AAAH's portfolio companies.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Long-established motorcoach and charter bus operator on the East Coast offering charter, scheduled intercity, and contract services. Comparable mid-market operator with charter + commuter + contract mix.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Iconic US intercity motorcoach carrier operating a national scheduled network plus charter services. Broader incumbent competing at a different layer (long-haul scheduled) but overlaps with AAAH on charter and group transportation.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

UK-listed global multi-modal transport group with North American school bus and transit operations. Parent-level and operational analogue to Kelsian/AAAH's combined school transportation and contracted transit focus.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Tech-enabled intercity bus network operating the FlixBus brand and recently acquiring Greyhound. Brings digital booking and tech-led operations to US motorcoach — an emerging competitive and partnership vector for traditional charter operators like AAAH.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

French-headquartered global operator of contracted transit, paratransit, and shuttle services across the US. Competitor for fixed-route transit and demand-response contracts that AAAH serves via its transit division.

TypeOthers
Description

Parent company of AAAH, Australia's largest integrated multi-modal transport and tourism operator, publicly listed on the ASX (ticker: KLS). Provides capital, multi-modal strategy, and roll-up capacity that directly shapes AAAH's growth trajectory.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers8 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment6 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile6 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature3 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles1 record

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

Subsidiaries7 records

Each record includes

Name, Acquired on, Relationship type, Type, Business focus

No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

All Aboard America Holdings

Charter Bus and Motorcoach Transportation Servicesaaahinc.com

All Aboard America Holdings is a Lakewood, Colorado-based holding company operating a portfolio of six regional charter bus subsidiaries plus a K-12 school transport arm, running 500+ motor coaches across 7 US states. It serves government transit districts, corporate employers, schools, and event planners, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Australia's Kelsian Group.

What All Aboard America Holdings does

All Aboard America Holdings (legal name: All Aboard America! Holdings, Inc.) is a Delaware-incorporated holding company headquartered in Lakewood, Colorado, that operates a portfolio of six wholly-owned regional charter bus subsidiaries plus a dedicated K-12 school transportation subsidiary. Operating across California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, the company runs more than 500 motor coaches and supports over 5,000,000 miles of service annually, making it the second-largest motorcoach operator in the United States. Its subsidiary brands — Ace Express Coaches, Hotard Coaches, Sun Diego Charter Company, All Aboard America, Lux Bus America, First Class Transportation, and All Aboard School Transportation — each retain regional brand identity while operating under shared corporate services.

The company sells four primary service lines: (1) one-time and recurring charter bus services for groups including schools, sports teams, conventions, corporate events, and tours; (2) contracted fixed-route and demand-response transit services for government agencies and transit districts; (3) large-scale employee shuttle programs for enterprise customers including Northrop Grumman, SAIC, General Dynamics NASSCO, and United Airlines; and (4) K-12 school transportation, including SPAB-certified operations in California. All Aboard America maintains the highest DOT, DOD, and FMCSA safety ratings across its subsidiaries. The company's underlying technology stack is conventional fleet operations tooling — GPS tracking, driver safety monitoring, WiFi-equipped coaches, and route optimization — rather than proprietary AI/ML systems. Pricing is quote-based across all service lines, with multi-year contracts on the contracted/enterprise side.

The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kelsian Group (ASX: KLS), Australia's largest integrated multi-modal transport provider and tourism operator, which provides a multi-jurisdictional platform spanning Australia, the USA, Singapore, London, and the Channel Islands. Within the US portfolio, go-to-market is sales-led and direct, combining field sales teams at each subsidiary with quote-request portals on each brand's website and dedicated phone lines by region. Customer segments are horizontal, spanning government/transit agencies, corporate employers, K-12 schools, casinos/gaming, event planners, and higher education, with no publicly disclosed pricing or revenue figures.

All Aboard America Holdings firmographics

Firmographics
Name
All Aboard America Holdings
Legal name
All Aboard America! Holdings, Inc.
Website
https://aaahinc.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
2012
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
1,001–5,000 employees
Short description
All Aboard America Holdings is a Lakewood, Colorado-based holding company operating a portfolio of six regional charter bus subsidiaries plus a K-12 school transport arm, running 500+ motor coaches across 7 US states. It serves government transit districts, corporate employers, schools, and event planners, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Australia's Kelsian Group.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where All Aboard America Holdings is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Lakewood
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices14 records

Markets served

All Aboard America Holdings business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D

Revenue model

  1. Charter Bus Services: Providing charter bus services for groups including field trips, sports teams, conventions, corporate events, casino excursions, and tours. Revenue generated through hourly or distance-based charter fees.
  2. Contracted Transit Services: Fixed-route and demand-response transit services contracted with government agencies, transit districts, and municipalities. Includes park & ride shuttle services and public transit operations.
  3. Employee Shuttles: Large-scale employee shuttle services for construction projects, oil fields, work sites, and corporate campuses. Contracted services with major corporations.
  4. K-12 School Transportation: Charter transportation services for schools including field trips and sports travel, including SPAB certified operations in California.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
OtherMulti-year contractCustom quote-based pricing for all services

Go-to-market motion2 records

Distribution channels3 records

Marketing channels4 records

All Aboard America Holdings product offering

Product offering

Core offering

All Aboard America Holdings is a holding company that operates a multi-brand portfolio of charter bus and motorcoach companies delivering passenger transportation across the southwestern United States and Gulf Coast. The companies provide group charter services, employee shuttles for large employers, K-12 and university transportation, casino shuttles, fixed-route and demand-response public transit, and park-and-ride services through a fleet of over 500 vehicles operating in 7 states.

Product overview

All Aboard America Holdings is a holding company operating a multi-brand portfolio of six regional charter bus companies across the southwestern United States and Gulf Coast. The portfolio includes Ace Express Coaches (Colorado), Hotard Coaches (Louisiana & Gulf Coast), Sun Diego Charter Company (Southern California), All Aboard America (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Lux Bus America (California), and First Class Transportation (Texas), plus All Aboard School Transportation for K-12 services. Together these companies operate over 500 buses and offer a comprehensive suite of transportation services including charter services, employee shuttles, campus shuttles, casino shuttles, park & ride, fixed route/transit services, and K-12 school transportation. The company also provides SPAB-certified school bus services in California and maintains the highest DOT, DOD, and FMCSA safety ratings.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • Ace Express Coaches: Charter bus services in Colorado with over 30 years of experience, serving nearly 700 clients and transporting over 1 million passengers annually.
  • Hotard Coaches
  • Sun Diego Charter Company
  • All Aboard America Charter
  • Lux Bus America
  • First Class Transportation
  • All Aboard School Transportation

Products and services

  • Charter Services Group charter bus services for parties, proms, businesses, churches, and various occasions with equipment serving groups of all sizes, available through the company's regional subsidiaries.
  • K-12 Transportation School bus transportation services for sports seasons and field trips with rigorous fleet maintenance programs and top safety ratings, including SPAB certification in California.
  • Employee Shuttles Custom employee shuttles including large-scale construction project shuttles, transporting workers to oil fields, work sites, and corporate campuses for clients including Northrop Grumman, SAIC, General Dynamics NASSCO, and United Airlines.
  • Campus Shuttles University, college, and large employer campus shuttle programs offering safe, affordable, and customizable solutions from a single bus to full campus transportation systems.
  • Casino Shuttles Casino transportation including scheduled casino bus routes, casino employee shuttles, private group charters, and over-the-road charters to out-of-state casino destinations.
  • Park & Ride Services Transit district park-and-ride solutions including route planning, shuttle services connecting facilities with transit systems, airport shuttles, and regional commuter shuttles.
  • Fixed Route / Transit Services Public transit services, line run service for government agencies, and commuter services operating dozens of scheduled routes daily.

Quantifiable outcome

  • Transports over 1 million passengers annually
  • +3 more outcomes

Companies that use All Aboard America Holdings

Customer profile

Named customers8 records

Segments6 records

Ideal customer profiles6 records

All Aboard America Holdings technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature3 records

All Aboard America Holdings partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Scale indicators9 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

All Aboard America Holdings competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • Coach USA: One of the largest motorcoach and charter bus operators in North America, providing charter, sightseeing, airport transfers, and scheduled service across the US. Closest like-for-like competitor to AAAH on fleet scale and product mix.
  • First Student: The largest North American operator of student transportation, contracted to thousands of school districts. Comparable to AAAH's K-12 SPAB-certified and contracted school transportation business, with similar multi-year contract economics.
  • Academy Bus: Family-owned motorcoach and charter bus operator serving the Northeast US with charter, commuter, and shuttle services. Comparable in product scope (charter + scheduled shuttle) to AAAH's regional operators like Hotard and Ace Express.
  • DATTCO: Northeast US motorcoach operator providing charter, school transportation, and contract services. Comparable mid-size charter and contracted-services operator to AAAH's portfolio companies.
  • Peter Pan Bus Lines: Long-established motorcoach and charter bus operator on the East Coast offering charter, scheduled intercity, and contract services. Comparable mid-market operator with charter + commuter + contract mix.

Broad incumbents

  • Greyhound Lines: Iconic US intercity motorcoach carrier operating a national scheduled network plus charter services. Broader incumbent competing at a different layer (long-haul scheduled) but overlaps with AAAH on charter and group transportation.
  • National Express / National Express Transit: UK-listed global multi-modal transport group with North American school bus and transit operations. Parent-level and operational analogue to Kelsian/AAAH's combined school transportation and contracted transit focus.
  • Transdev North America: French-headquartered global operator of contracted transit, paratransit, and shuttle services across the US. Competitor for fixed-route transit and demand-response contracts that AAAH serves via its transit division.

Emerging players

  • Flix North America (FlixBus / Greyhound): Tech-enabled intercity bus network operating the FlixBus brand and recently acquiring Greyhound. Brings digital booking and tech-led operations to US motorcoach — an emerging competitive and partnership vector for traditional charter operators like AAAH.

Others

  • Kelsian Group: Parent company of AAAH, Australia's largest integrated multi-modal transport and tourism operator, publicly listed on the ASX (ticker: KLS). Provides capital, multi-modal strategy, and roll-up capacity that directly shapes AAAH's growth trajectory.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks7 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

All Aboard America Holdings financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

All Aboard America Holdings leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles1 record

All Aboard America Holdings subsidiaries and ownership

Company hierarchy

Subsidiaries7 records

All Aboard America Holdings funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

All Aboard America Holdings M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about All Aboard America Holdings

What does All Aboard America Holdings do?

All Aboard America Holdings is a holding company that operates a multi-brand portfolio of charter bus and motorcoach companies delivering passenger transportation across the southwestern United States and Gulf Coast. The companies provide group charter services, employee shuttles for large employers, K-12 and university transportation, casino shuttles, fixed-route and demand-response public transit, and park-and-ride services through a fleet of over 500 vehicles operating in 7 states.

Is All Aboard America Holdings a public or private company?

All Aboard America Holdings is a private company. It is classified as corporate owned and is currently operating.

When was All Aboard America Holdings founded?

All Aboard America Holdings was founded in 2012. It employs 1,001 to 5,000 people.

Where is All Aboard America Holdings based?

All Aboard America Holdings is headquartered in Lakewood, United States, in the North America region.

How does All Aboard America Holdings make money?

Four revenue lines are on record. Charter Bus Services are the primary driver. The others are contracted Transit Services, employee Shuttles and K-12 School Transportation.

Who are All Aboard America Holdings's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are Coach USA, First Student, Academy Bus, DATTCO and Peter Pan Bus Lines. Broad incumbents are Greyhound Lines, National Express / National Express Transit and Transdev North America. Flix North America (FlixBus / Greyhound) is listed as an emerging player. Kelsian Group is listed as an others.

Does All Aboard America Holdings have an API?

No public API is recorded for All Aboard America Holdings.

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Live signals
PR NewswireLILEE Systems SafeRide™ Chosen to be Installed on All Aboard America! Holdings (AAAHI) MotorcoachesLILEE Systems announced a contract with All Aboard America! Holdings (AAAHI) to install its SafeRide driver performance monitoring solution and Wi-Fi across AAAHI's motorcoach fleet. AAAHI, the fifth-largest private motorcoach operator in the US, expects the system to generate savings in litigation costs and insurance premiums while enhancing passenger and driver safety through video-based monitoring of events such as speeding, harsh braking, and aggressive acceleration. The partnership, which developed over the past year, has provided LILEE Systems with insights to improve the SafeRide product for the broader motorcoach industry.GovtechFlorida’s Latest Railroad Is a Mostly Private GambleBrightline, operated by All Aboard Florida, has launched passenger train service between Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach as a privately funded $3.1 billion infrastructure project. The operator is currently navigating significant financial hurdles, including failed attempts to issue private activity bonds and ongoing safety concerns following recent fatalities on the tracks. While the initial phase is operational, the company's ability to secure financing for the planned extension to Orlando remains uncertain amidst legal challenges from local communities.BUSRideBus leasing essentialsA roundtable discussion on bus leasing essentials was moderated by Craig Lentzsch of All Aboard America! Holdings with panelists from Wells Fargo Equipment Finance, Prevost, REV Group, Access Commercial Capital and ABC Financial Services. Panelists covered lease versus loan structures, TRAC versus fair market value leases, 84/20 terms, mileage and maintenance clauses, and sales tax deferral.