Developer docs
API playgroundTry for free, no card

Search company profiles

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers

Full company profile

uuid000gx1u

Namestring
Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers
Legal namestring
Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP
Websiteurl
diamondlaw.ca
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
2013
Descriptiontext

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is a Canadian personal injury law firm headquartered in Toronto with 12 offices across Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Nova Scotia. Founded under its current ownership in 2013 by Jeremy Diamond, Sandra Zisckind and Isaac Zisckind, the firm employs 65+ lawyers and positions itself as "Canada's Largest Personal Injury Law Firm" by lawyer count, while the operating entity claims over 40 years of continuous practice in Toronto. The firm provides contingency-fee legal representation (capped at 33% of recovery under Law Society of Ontario rules) across motor-vehicle accidents, brain injuries, birth injuries, catastrophic injuries, slip and fall, dog bites, long-term disability disputes, class actions, and recently added sexual assault, medical malpractice and e-scooter matters. Secondary practice groups include wills and estates (probate, estate litigation, guardianship) and corporate/commercial law (real estate, civil litigation, incorporations), billed on flat-fee or hourly retainer.

Diamond and Diamond operates a multi-channel intake model: a 24/7 national hotline (1-800-567-HURT), free in-person consultations at offices or via lawyers traveling to client homes or hospitals, self-service online case evaluation forms, and an SEO-optimized website with location- and practice-specific landing pages. Marketing investments span the "Right Side of the Law" blog, the "Know Your Rights" podcast, a YouTube channel, active presences on Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn and X, plus earned media on CTV, CP24, CityTV, Forbes, 680 News, CHCH and Omni Television. Since 2013, the firm reports $1B+ in gross client settlements and 20,000 clients served, with $150M+ settled for 2,800 clients in 2024. Core technology is described as standard legal practice management and intake tooling; no proprietary AI, API, or developer-facing platform is disclosed, and the firm operates without institutional funding, parent-company ownership, or public listing.

Short descriptiontext

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is Canada's largest personal-injury law firm by lawyer count, operating 12 offices across Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Nova Scotia to provide contingency-fee representation for accident victims and supplemental wills, estates and corporate legal services.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
51–100
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersToronto, Canada
HQ citystring
Toronto
HQ countrystring
Canada
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices12 records

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
personal injury law, accident compensation, legal representation, insurance claims, wrongful death litigation
Industry2 codes
1Personal Injury & Insurance Defense
CodeBPAHAAAMPrimaryYes
2Family & Private Client (Trusts & Estates) Law
CodeBPAHAAAKPrimaryNo
NAICS code2 codes
  • Offices of Lawyers541110
  • Offices of Lawyers54111
SIC code1 code
  • Services-Legal Services8111
Product category
Personal Injury Legal Services
GTM motion3 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model3 records
1Personal Injury Contingency Fees
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Primary revenue stream from personal injury cases. Law firm operates on contingency fee basis where clients pay nothing unless the firm recovers money for them. Maximum contingency fee is 33% as regulated by the Law Society of Ontario.

diamondlaw.ca
2Corporate/Commercial Legal Services
TypeOne Time License
Description

Flat fee and/or hourly retainer arrangements for real estate, corporate law, employment matters, and other non-personal injury services.

diamondlaw.ca
3Wills and Estates Services
TypeOne Time License
Description

Estate litigation, probate, and guardianship services billed on flat fee or hourly basis.

diamondlaw.ca
Marketing channels8 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components6 values
Personnel, Marketing or Sales, Operations, Technology or R&D, Infrastructure, Others
Pricing details3 tiers
1Personal Injury - No Win No Fee
ModelOutcome Based/ PerformanceBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Clients pay nothing unless the firm recovers money. Maximum contingency fee capped at 33% of settlement per Law Society of Ontario requirements.

diamondlaw.ca
2Wrongful Dismissal - Contingency Available
ModelOutcome Based/ PerformanceBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Select wrongful dismissal cases eligible for contingency fee arrangements.

diamondlaw.ca
3Corporate/Real Estate/Other Services
ModelSubscriptionBilling cadenceMulti-year contract
Notes

Flat fee and/or hourly retainer depending on type of work.

diamondlaw.ca
GTM typeB2C
B2C
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is a Canadian law firm that principally represents individuals who have been injured in accidents (motor vehicle collisions, slip and fall, long-term disability, medical malpractice, wrongful death) on a contingency-fee basis, charging up to 33% of the settlement. It also offers Wills & Estates, Corporate Law, and Class Action Litigation services on a flat-fee or hourly basis, delivered through 12 offices across four Canadian provinces by a team of 65+ lawyers.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 5 values shown
  • $1 Billion+ in gross settlements since 2013
+4 more records
Product overview1 text field

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers operates as a national Canadian personal injury law firm offering a comprehensive suite of legal services organized into four primary practice areas: Personal Injury Legal Services (the core offering covering motor vehicle accidents, brain injuries, birth injuries, catastrophic injuries, medical malpractice, long-term disability, slip and fall, dog bites, and specialty areas like e-scooter accidents), Wills & Estates (probate, estate litigation, guardianship), Corporate Law (real estate, commercial litigation, business incorporation), and Class Action Litigation. The firm operates on a contingency fee basis for personal injury cases with free initial consultations. They utilize online case evaluation tools and provide resource materials including OCF forms assistance for auto insurance claims. The firm has 65+ lawyers across Canada with offices in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia.

Product and service4 records
1Personal Injury Legal Representation
CategoryPersonal Injury Law
Description

Full-service legal representation for individuals who have been physically or psychologically injured in accidents (motor vehicle collisions, slip and fall, long-term disability, medical malpractice, wrongful death). Contingency-fee model with a maximum 33% of settlement, no fees unless the firm wins, and free initial consultation; clients also receive access to a 24/7 intake hotline.

2Wills & Estates Services
CategoryEstate Planning Law
Description

Estate-planning and administration services for individual clients, including wills, powers of attorney, and estate administration, typically delivered on a flat-fee or hourly basis.

3Corporate Law Services
CategoryCorporate / Commercial Law
Description

Legal services for businesses and entrepreneurs including incorporations, shareholder and partnership agreements, commercial contracts, and general corporate maintenance, typically billed on an hourly-retainer or flat-fee basis.

4Class Action Litigation
CategoryLitigation
Description

Representation of groups of claimants in class-action proceedings, leveraging the firm's trial and personal-injury expertise to pursue mass-claim recoveries.

Scale indicator8 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Recent move5 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

One of Ontario's most established plaintiff personal injury firms with similar contingency-fee model and focus on catastrophic injury, brain injury, and spinal cord cases. Directly comparable in size, practice mix, and target client base.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Toronto-based plaintiff personal injury firm with a long track record of high-value settlements and trial work. Closely comparable in client segment (accident victims), practice areas, and use of contingency fee model.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Ontario personal injury boutique founded by a well-known trial lawyer; focuses on severe injury cases including brain and spinal cord injuries. Comparable in PI specialization and contingency-based representation model.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Toronto plaintiff personal injury firm known for catastrophic injury and medical malpractice cases. Comparable in plaintiff-side PI focus and concentration on high-severity matters.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Ontario personal injury firm with a national presence and similar multi-office operating model. Directly comparable in practice areas (MVA, catastrophic injury, medical malpractice) and contingency fee structure.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Ontario personal injury firm known for brain and spinal cord injury cases, with comparable target client base and case-type focus. Operates on similar contingency model.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Toronto-based plaintiff personal injury firm with growing national profile. Comparable in mass-market PI focus, marketing-driven client acquisition, and contingency fee structure.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Toronto plaintiff firm with personal injury and employment law practices, comparable in contingency fee model and client acquisition approach with strong media presence.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Larger Canadian plaintiff-side law firm with broad practice including class actions, personal injury, and product liability. Comparable in plaintiff-side orientation and class action practice, but broader and more diversified across practice areas.

TypeDirect peer
Description

British Columbia-based personal injury firm that competes with Diamond and Diamond's Vancouver operations. Comparable in plaintiff-side PI focus and contingency fee model, but geographically focused on BC.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat4 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers3 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment9 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile2 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles4 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers

Personal Injury Legal Servicesdiamondlaw.ca

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is Canada's largest personal-injury law firm by lawyer count, operating 12 offices across Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Nova Scotia to provide contingency-fee representation for accident victims and supplemental wills, estates and corporate legal services.

What Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers does

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is a Canadian personal injury law firm headquartered in Toronto with 12 offices across Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Nova Scotia. Founded under its current ownership in 2013 by Jeremy Diamond, Sandra Zisckind and Isaac Zisckind, the firm employs 65+ lawyers and positions itself as "Canada's Largest Personal Injury Law Firm" by lawyer count, while the operating entity claims over 40 years of continuous practice in Toronto. The firm provides contingency-fee legal representation (capped at 33% of recovery under Law Society of Ontario rules) across motor-vehicle accidents, brain injuries, birth injuries, catastrophic injuries, slip and fall, dog bites, long-term disability disputes, class actions, and recently added sexual assault, medical malpractice and e-scooter matters. Secondary practice groups include wills and estates (probate, estate litigation, guardianship) and corporate/commercial law (real estate, civil litigation, incorporations), billed on flat-fee or hourly retainer.

Diamond and Diamond operates a multi-channel intake model: a 24/7 national hotline (1-800-567-HURT), free in-person consultations at offices or via lawyers traveling to client homes or hospitals, self-service online case evaluation forms, and an SEO-optimized website with location- and practice-specific landing pages. Marketing investments span the "Right Side of the Law" blog, the "Know Your Rights" podcast, a YouTube channel, active presences on Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn and X, plus earned media on CTV, CP24, CityTV, Forbes, 680 News, CHCH and Omni Television. Since 2013, the firm reports $1B+ in gross client settlements and 20,000 clients served, with $150M+ settled for 2,800 clients in 2024. Core technology is described as standard legal practice management and intake tooling; no proprietary AI, API, or developer-facing platform is disclosed, and the firm operates without institutional funding, parent-company ownership, or public listing.

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers
Legal name
Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP
Website
https://diamondlaw.ca
Company type
Private
Founded year
2013
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
51–100 employees
Short description
Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is Canada's largest personal-injury law firm by lawyer count, operating 12 offices across Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Nova Scotia to provide contingency-fee representation for accident victims and supplemental wills, estates and corporate legal services.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers industry classification

Industry
Product category
Personal Injury Legal Services
NAICS
Offices of Lawyers (541110), Offices of Lawyers (54111)
SIC
Services-Legal Services (8111)
akta.pro primary industry
Personal Injury & Insurance Defense (BPAHAAAM)
akta.pro secondary industry
Family & Private Client (Trusts & Estates) Law (BPAHAAAK)

Keywords

  • Personal injury law
  • Accident compensation
  • Legal representation
  • Insurance claims
  • Wrongful death litigation

Where Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Toronto
HQ country
Canada
HQ region
North America

Offices12 records

Markets served

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers business model

Business model
GTM type
B2C
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Marketing or Sales, Operations, Technology or R&D, Infrastructure, Others

Revenue model

  1. Personal Injury Contingency Fees: Primary revenue stream from personal injury cases. Law firm operates on contingency fee basis where clients pay nothing unless the firm recovers money for them. Maximum contingency fee is 33% as regulated by the Law Society of Ontario.
  2. Corporate/Commercial Legal Services: Flat fee and/or hourly retainer arrangements for real estate, corporate law, employment matters, and other non-personal injury services.
  3. Wills and Estates Services: Estate litigation, probate, and guardianship services billed on flat fee or hourly basis.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
Outcome Based/ PerformancePay-as-you-goPersonal Injury - No Win No Fee
Outcome Based/ PerformancePay-as-you-goWrongful Dismissal - Contingency Available
SubscriptionMulti-year contractCorporate/Real Estate/Other Services

Go-to-market motion3 records

Distribution channels4 records

Marketing channels8 records

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is a Canadian law firm that principally represents individuals who have been injured in accidents (motor vehicle collisions, slip and fall, long-term disability, medical malpractice, wrongful death) on a contingency-fee basis, charging up to 33% of the settlement. It also offers Wills & Estates, Corporate Law, and Class Action Litigation services on a flat-fee or hourly basis, delivered through 12 offices across four Canadian provinces by a team of 65+ lawyers.

Product overview

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers operates as a national Canadian personal injury law firm offering a comprehensive suite of legal services organized into four primary practice areas: Personal Injury Legal Services (the core offering covering motor vehicle accidents, brain injuries, birth injuries, catastrophic injuries, medical malpractice, long-term disability, slip and fall, dog bites, and specialty areas like e-scooter accidents), Wills & Estates (probate, estate litigation, guardianship), Corporate Law (real estate, commercial litigation, business incorporation), and Class Action Litigation. The firm operates on a contingency fee basis for personal injury cases with free initial consultations. They utilize online case evaluation tools and provide resource materials including OCF forms assistance for auto insurance claims. The firm has 65+ lawyers across Canada with offices in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • Personal Injury Legal Representation Full-service legal representation for individuals who have been physically or psychologically injured in accidents (motor vehicle collisions, slip and fall, long-term disability, medical malpractice, wrongful death). Contingency-fee model with a maximum 33% of settlement, no fees unless the firm wins, and free initial consultation; clients also receive access to a 24/7 intake hotline.
  • Wills & Estates Services Estate-planning and administration services for individual clients, including wills, powers of attorney, and estate administration, typically delivered on a flat-fee or hourly basis.
  • Corporate Law Services Legal services for businesses and entrepreneurs including incorporations, shareholder and partnership agreements, commercial contracts, and general corporate maintenance, typically billed on an hourly-retainer or flat-fee basis.
  • Class Action Litigation Representation of groups of claimants in class-action proceedings, leveraging the firm's trial and personal-injury expertise to pursue mass-claim recoveries.

Quantifiable outcome

  • $1 Billion+ in gross settlements since 2013
  • +4 more outcomes

Companies that use Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers

Customer profile

Named customers3 records

Segments9 records

Ideal customer profiles2 records

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Scale indicators8 records

Recent moves5 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • McLeish Orlando Personal Injury Lawyers: One of Ontario's most established plaintiff personal injury firms with similar contingency-fee model and focus on catastrophic injury, brain injury, and spinal cord cases. Directly comparable in size, practice mix, and target client base.
  • Thomson Rogers Personal Injury Lawyers: Toronto-based plaintiff personal injury firm with a long track record of high-value settlements and trial work. Closely comparable in client segment (accident victims), practice areas, and use of contingency fee model.
  • Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers: Ontario personal injury boutique founded by a well-known trial lawyer; focuses on severe injury cases including brain and spinal cord injuries. Comparable in PI specialization and contingency-based representation model.
  • Bogoroch & Associates: Toronto plaintiff personal injury firm known for catastrophic injury and medical malpractice cases. Comparable in plaintiff-side PI focus and concentration on high-severity matters.
  • Howie, Sacks & Henry LLP: Ontario personal injury firm with a national presence and similar multi-office operating model. Directly comparable in practice areas (MVA, catastrophic injury, medical malpractice) and contingency fee structure.
  • Oatley Vigmond Personal Injury Lawyers: Ontario personal injury firm known for brain and spinal cord injury cases, with comparable target client base and case-type focus. Operates on similar contingency model.
  • Neinstein LLP: Toronto-based plaintiff personal injury firm with growing national profile. Comparable in mass-market PI focus, marketing-driven client acquisition, and contingency fee structure.
  • Samfiru Tumarkin LLP: Toronto plaintiff firm with personal injury and employment law practices, comparable in contingency fee model and client acquisition approach with strong media presence.
  • Klein Lawyers LLP: British Columbia-based personal injury firm that competes with Diamond and Diamond's Vancouver operations. Comparable in plaintiff-side PI focus and contingency fee model, but geographically focused on BC.

Broad incumbents

  • Siskinds LLP: Larger Canadian plaintiff-side law firm with broad practice including class actions, personal injury, and product liability. Comparable in plaintiff-side orientation and class action practice, but broader and more diversified across practice areas.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat4 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers social profiles

Digital presence

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles4 records

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers

What does Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers do?

Diamond and Diamond Lawyers LLP is a Canadian law firm that principally represents individuals who have been injured in accidents (motor vehicle collisions, slip and fall, long-term disability, medical malpractice, wrongful death) on a contingency-fee basis, charging up to 33% of the settlement. It also offers Wills & Estates, Corporate Law, and Class Action Litigation services on a flat-fee or hourly basis, delivered through 12 offices across four Canadian provinces by a team of 65+ lawyers.

Is Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers a public or private company?

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers is a private company. It is classified as founder individual operated bootstrapped and is currently operating.

When was Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers founded?

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers was founded in 2013. It employs 51 to 100 people.

Where is Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers based?

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers is headquartered in Toronto, Canada, in the North America region.

How does Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers make money?

Three revenue lines are on record. Personal Injury Contingency Fees are the primary driver. The others are corporate/Commercial Legal Services and wills and Estates Services.

Who are Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are McLeish Orlando Personal Injury Lawyers, Thomson Rogers Personal Injury Lawyers, Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers, Bogoroch & Associates, Howie, Sacks & Henry LLP, Oatley Vigmond Personal Injury Lawyers, Neinstein LLP, Samfiru Tumarkin LLP and Klein Lawyers LLP. Siskinds LLP is listed as a broad incumbent.

Does Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers have an API?

No public API is recorded for Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers.

What industry is Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers in?

Diamond and Diamond Personal Injury Lawyers's product category is Personal Injury Legal Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is BPAHAAAM, Personal Injury & Insurance Defense, with a secondary code of BPAHAAAK, Family & Private Client (Trusts & Estates) Law. Its NAICS code is 541110 and its SIC code is 8111.

Unlock the full company data

50 free credits on sign-up, no credit card required.

Contact sales
Live signals
TechBullionTop Personal Injury Lawyers in Toronto and the Rise of Client-Centric Legal ServicesThis article profiles five leading personal injury law firms in Toronto—Diamond and Diamond Lawyers, Oatley Vigmond, Thomson Rogers LLP, Singer Katz LLP, and Neinstein Personal Injury Lawyers—highlighting their specialization areas, key features, and recognition. The piece discusses an industry shift toward client-centric legal services, with firms increasingly leveraging technology, offering 24/7 availability, and adopting no-win-no-fee pricing models to better serve accident victims. The featured firms represent a mix of boutique and large-scale operations, with most concentrating their practices in Ontario while some maintaining a Canada-wide presence.PR NewswireDiamond and Diamond Files National Class Action Lawsuit Against Three Canadian UniversitiesDiamond and Diamond Lawyers filed a national class action lawsuit against three Canadian universities — Toronto Metropolitan University, Queen's University, and The University of British Columbia — alleging recurring anti-Semitic incidents on campus, with each lawsuit seeking $15 million in damages. The plaintiffs, representing current Jewish students and alumni dating back to 1998, accuse the institutions of negligence in addressing harassment, violating non-discrimination policies, and providing insufficient staff training. The legal action highlights specific incidents including anti-Semitic graffiti discovered at Queen's University residence in November 2022 and at TMU in 2015.