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Progressive Policy Institute

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Namestring
Progressive Policy Institute
Legal namestring
Progressive Policy Institute
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1989
Descriptiontext

The Progressive Policy Institute (PPI) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit public policy think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., founded in 1989 by Will Marshall. The organization develops pragmatic, data-driven policy proposals aimed at bridging ideological divides and operates through approximately 13 distinct research projects spanning antitrust/competition policy, energy and climate solutions, trade and global markets, fiscal and economic policy, workforce development, education, housing, space policy, foreign policy (including a dedicated Ukraine project), and democratic renewal initiatives such as the Campaign for Working America and the Project on Center-Left Renewal.

PPI's service model is content- and influence-driven rather than technology-driven. Its deliverables consist of published reports, policy briefs, op-eds placed in major national media, congressional testimony, and convening events such as the Women in Policy Alliance series. PPI also runs the Mosaic Economic Project to train diverse women experts in economics and technology, and the Center for Funding America's Future on fiscal policy. The organization does not develop proprietary software, AI products, or commercial platforms; its technology footprint is limited to standard digital publishing and social distribution channels. No patents, trademarks, certifications, or API products are disclosed.

PPI is funded through foundation grants, individual donations, and related non-profit revenue streams, with no publicly disclosed revenue figures, no parent company, and no venture or equity backing. It employs 11-50 staff, led by President Will Marshall and a team of vice presidents, directors, and senior advisors including former members of the U.S. Congress. PPI is not a commercial enterprise in the traditional sense and has no customers, contracts, or pricing model; its work is distributed free of charge to policymakers, journalists, and the general public.

Short descriptiontext

The Progressive Policy Institute is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit think tank founded in 1989 that produces pragmatic center-left policy research and convenes events for policymakers, journalists, and policy professionals.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
11–50
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersWashington, United States
HQ citystring
Washington
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
public policy research, policy think tank, policy analysis services, economic policy research, legislative policy proposals
Industry2 codes
1Think Tanks, Policy Research & Public Policy Institutes
CodeBPAGAFAOPrimaryYes
2Democratic Governance & Public Administration Reform
CodeBPADAGAJPrimaryNo
NAICS code2 codes
  • Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities54172
  • Social Advocacy Organizations8133
SIC code1 code
  • Miscellaneous Publishing2741
Product category
Public Policy Research and Advocacy
GTM motion3 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Foundation and Individual Donations
TypeOthers
Description

PPI operates as a non-profit think tank funded through foundation grants and individual donations from supporters who align with its mission of pragmatic policy innovation.

progressivepolicy.org
Marketing channels8 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components4 values
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Others
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

The Progressive Policy Institute is a non-profit 501(c)(3) public policy think tank that produces original policy research, analysis, and recommendations across competition/antitrust, energy and climate, education, workforce development, trade, fiscal, housing, and political reform issues. It distributes this work through published reports, op-eds, a podcast, hosted events, expert testimony before Congress, and training programs for policy professionals. All research and programming is provided free of charge to policymakers, media, and the public.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 4 values shown
  • Advanced recycling expansion could more than double U.S. plastic recycling rate from 9% to 19-23% and save municipalities $229.7-$327.5 million annually in avoided landfill tipping fees
+3 more records
Product overview1 text field

The Progressive Policy Institute (PPI) is a policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., offering a portfolio of research projects and initiatives rather than a commercial product platform. The organization operates through approximately 13 distinct projects including the Consumers and the Future of Antitrust, Making Space Work for Us, Center for Funding America's Future, Energy and Climate Solutions Initiative, Campaign for Working America, Women in Policy Alliance, Mosaic Economic Project, American Identity Project, Reinventing America's Schools, What Works Lab, New Skills for a New Economy, Innovation Frontier Project, and Project on Center-Left Renewal. These initiatives produce policy research, publications, events, and advocacy on topics ranging from competition policy and energy/climate solutions to workforce development and democratic renewal. PPI also hosts the Women in Policy Alliance monthly networking events and Coffee & Conversation series.

Scale indicator2 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership4 partners
Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2026-02-01
Description

PPI's energy cost research utilized data from the Department of Energy's Low-income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) tool collected through the Census Bureau, enabling analysis of energy burdens across congressional districts.

Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2026-02-01
Description

PPI's energy cost reports used Census Bureau data for demographic and income analysis across congressional districts and census tracts.

Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2024-03-01
Description

PPI partnered with the McKell Institute, a progressive public policy organization in Australia, to present its encryption research report at events and salon dinners in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. McKell Institute, led by CEO Ed Cavanough, chaired PPI's events in Australia.

Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2024-03-01
Description

PPI partnered with Netsafe, New Zealand's digital safety authority appointed by the government, to host a salon dinner in Auckland presenting the encryption research findings and discussing New Zealand's encryption regulations.

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

Third Way is a center-left public policy think tank in Washington, D.C., explicitly positioned around pragmatic, center-left ideas. Highly comparable to PPI on positioning, size, and focus on Democratic Party renewal and economic policy.

TypeDirect peer
Description

CAP is a leading center-left policy institute in Washington, D.C. with a broad portfolio spanning economic, energy, education, and democracy policy — directly comparable mission and issue coverage to PPI, though at a larger scale.

TypeDirect peer
Description

New America is a nonpartisan/centrist think tank in Washington, D.C. with programs covering economic policy, education, technology, and international affairs — overlapping significantly with PPI's policy portfolio and similar D.C.-based operating model.

TypeDirect peer
Description

EPI is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank focused on economic policy, labor markets, and working-family issues — directly overlapping with PPI's Campaign for Working America, fiscal policy, and workforce development work.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Brookings is one of the largest and most established D.C.-based think tanks, covering economic, education, energy, and foreign policy. Comparable in topic coverage to PPI but operates at materially larger scale and budget.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Heritage is the largest conservative think tank in Washington, D.C. with broad policy coverage including antitrust, energy, and education — a mirror-image incumbent to PPI on the right and a competitor for media attention and policymaker influence.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Roosevelt Institute is a progressive think tank focused on economic policy, antitrust, and democratic reform — closely overlapping with PPI's antitrust, fiscal policy, and democracy-related initiatives.

TypeDirect peer
Description

AEI is a center-right D.C.-based think tank with broad policy coverage in economics, education, energy, and foreign policy — a structurally comparable counterpart to PPI on the other side of the political spectrum.

TypeDirect peer
Description

ITIF is a D.C.-based think tank focused on technology, innovation, antitrust, and digital policy — directly comparable to PPI's Innovation Frontier Project and competition/antitrust work.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Niskanen Center is a center-right/centrist think tank emphasizing pragmatic, market-based policy solutions. Comparable to PPI on its pragmatic brand positioning and similar size scale.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat4 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Segment5 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile4 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles14 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Progressive Policy Institute

Public Policy Research and Advocacyprogressivepolicy.org

The Progressive Policy Institute is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit think tank founded in 1989 that produces pragmatic center-left policy research and convenes events for policymakers, journalists, and policy professionals.

What Progressive Policy Institute does

The Progressive Policy Institute (PPI) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit public policy think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., founded in 1989 by Will Marshall. The organization develops pragmatic, data-driven policy proposals aimed at bridging ideological divides and operates through approximately 13 distinct research projects spanning antitrust/competition policy, energy and climate solutions, trade and global markets, fiscal and economic policy, workforce development, education, housing, space policy, foreign policy (including a dedicated Ukraine project), and democratic renewal initiatives such as the Campaign for Working America and the Project on Center-Left Renewal.

PPI's service model is content- and influence-driven rather than technology-driven. Its deliverables consist of published reports, policy briefs, op-eds placed in major national media, congressional testimony, and convening events such as the Women in Policy Alliance series. PPI also runs the Mosaic Economic Project to train diverse women experts in economics and technology, and the Center for Funding America's Future on fiscal policy. The organization does not develop proprietary software, AI products, or commercial platforms; its technology footprint is limited to standard digital publishing and social distribution channels. No patents, trademarks, certifications, or API products are disclosed.

PPI is funded through foundation grants, individual donations, and related non-profit revenue streams, with no publicly disclosed revenue figures, no parent company, and no venture or equity backing. It employs 11-50 staff, led by President Will Marshall and a team of vice presidents, directors, and senior advisors including former members of the U.S. Congress. PPI is not a commercial enterprise in the traditional sense and has no customers, contracts, or pricing model; its work is distributed free of charge to policymakers, journalists, and the general public.

Progressive Policy Institute firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Progressive Policy Institute
Legal name
Progressive Policy Institute
Website
https://progressivepolicy.org
Company type
Private
Founded year
1989
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
11–50 employees
Short description
The Progressive Policy Institute is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit think tank founded in 1989 that produces pragmatic center-left policy research and convenes events for policymakers, journalists, and policy professionals.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Progressive Policy Institute industry classification

Industry
Product category
Public Policy Research and Advocacy
NAICS
Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities (54172), Social Advocacy Organizations (8133)
SIC
Miscellaneous Publishing (2741)
akta.pro primary industry
Think Tanks, Policy Research & Public Policy Institutes (BPAGAFAO)
akta.pro secondary industry
Democratic Governance & Public Administration Reform (BPADAGAJ)

Keywords

  • Public policy research
  • Policy think tank
  • Policy analysis services
  • Economic policy research
  • Legislative policy proposals

Where Progressive Policy Institute is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Washington
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices1 record

Markets served

Progressive Policy Institute business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Others

Revenue model

  1. Foundation and Individual Donations: PPI operates as a non-profit think tank funded through foundation grants and individual donations from supporters who align with its mission of pragmatic policy innovation.

Go-to-market motion3 records

Distribution channels4 records

Marketing channels8 records

Progressive Policy Institute product offering

Product offering

Core offering

The Progressive Policy Institute is a non-profit 501(c)(3) public policy think tank that produces original policy research, analysis, and recommendations across competition/antitrust, energy and climate, education, workforce development, trade, fiscal, housing, and political reform issues. It distributes this work through published reports, op-eds, a podcast, hosted events, expert testimony before Congress, and training programs for policy professionals. All research and programming is provided free of charge to policymakers, media, and the public.

Product overview

The Progressive Policy Institute (PPI) is a policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., offering a portfolio of research projects and initiatives rather than a commercial product platform. The organization operates through approximately 13 distinct projects including the Consumers and the Future of Antitrust, Making Space Work for Us, Center for Funding America's Future, Energy and Climate Solutions Initiative, Campaign for Working America, Women in Policy Alliance, Mosaic Economic Project, American Identity Project, Reinventing America's Schools, What Works Lab, New Skills for a New Economy, Innovation Frontier Project, and Project on Center-Left Renewal. These initiatives produce policy research, publications, events, and advocacy on topics ranging from competition policy and energy/climate solutions to workforce development and democratic renewal. PPI also hosts the Women in Policy Alliance monthly networking events and Coffee & Conversation series.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Quantifiable outcome

  • Advanced recycling expansion could more than double U.S. plastic recycling rate from 9% to 19-23% and save municipalities $229.7-$327.5 million annually in avoided landfill tipping fees
  • +3 more outcomes

Companies that use Progressive Policy Institute

Customer profile

Segments5 records

Ideal customer profiles4 records

Progressive Policy Institute technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Progressive Policy Institute partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Four partnerships are on record, tiered minor.

  • Department of EnergyminorStrategic or Co-development Partner · 1 February 2026PPI's energy cost research utilized data from the Department of Energy's Low-income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) tool collected through the Census Bureau, enabling analysis of energy burdens across congressional districts.
  • Census BureauminorStrategic or Co-development Partner · 1 February 2026PPI's energy cost reports used Census Bureau data for demographic and income analysis across congressional districts and census tracts.
  • McKell InstituteminorStrategic or Co-development Partner · 1 March 2024PPI partnered with the McKell Institute, a progressive public policy organization in Australia, to present its encryption research report at events and salon dinners in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. McKell Institute, led by CEO Ed Cavanough, chaired PPI's events in Australia.
  • NetsafeminorStrategic or Co-development Partner · 1 March 2024PPI partnered with Netsafe, New Zealand's digital safety authority appointed by the government, to host a salon dinner in Auckland presenting the encryption research findings and discussing New Zealand's encryption regulations.

Scale indicators2 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Progressive Policy Institute competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • Third Way: Third Way is a center-left public policy think tank in Washington, D.C., explicitly positioned around pragmatic, center-left ideas. Highly comparable to PPI on positioning, size, and focus on Democratic Party renewal and economic policy.
  • Center for American Progress: CAP is a leading center-left policy institute in Washington, D.C. with a broad portfolio spanning economic, energy, education, and democracy policy — directly comparable mission and issue coverage to PPI, though at a larger scale.
  • New America: New America is a nonpartisan/centrist think tank in Washington, D.C. with programs covering economic policy, education, technology, and international affairs — overlapping significantly with PPI's policy portfolio and similar D.C.-based operating model.
  • Economic Policy Institute: EPI is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank focused on economic policy, labor markets, and working-family issues — directly overlapping with PPI's Campaign for Working America, fiscal policy, and workforce development work.
  • Roosevelt Institute: Roosevelt Institute is a progressive think tank focused on economic policy, antitrust, and democratic reform — closely overlapping with PPI's antitrust, fiscal policy, and democracy-related initiatives.
  • American Enterprise Institute: AEI is a center-right D.C.-based think tank with broad policy coverage in economics, education, energy, and foreign policy — a structurally comparable counterpart to PPI on the other side of the political spectrum.
  • Information Technology and Innovation Foundation: ITIF is a D.C.-based think tank focused on technology, innovation, antitrust, and digital policy — directly comparable to PPI's Innovation Frontier Project and competition/antitrust work.
  • Niskanen Center: Niskanen Center is a center-right/centrist think tank emphasizing pragmatic, market-based policy solutions. Comparable to PPI on its pragmatic brand positioning and similar size scale.

Broad incumbents

  • Brookings Institution: Brookings is one of the largest and most established D.C.-based think tanks, covering economic, education, energy, and foreign policy. Comparable in topic coverage to PPI but operates at materially larger scale and budget.
  • The Heritage Foundation: Heritage is the largest conservative think tank in Washington, D.C. with broad policy coverage including antitrust, energy, and education — a mirror-image incumbent to PPI on the right and a competitor for media attention and policymaker influence.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat4 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

Progressive Policy Institute social profiles

Digital presence

Progressive Policy Institute financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Progressive Policy Institute leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles14 records

Progressive Policy Institute funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Progressive Policy Institute M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Progressive Policy Institute

What does Progressive Policy Institute do?

The Progressive Policy Institute is a non-profit 501(c)(3) public policy think tank that produces original policy research, analysis, and recommendations across competition/antitrust, energy and climate, education, workforce development, trade, fiscal, housing, and political reform issues. It distributes this work through published reports, op-eds, a podcast, hosted events, expert testimony before Congress, and training programs for policy professionals. All research and programming is provided free of charge to policymakers, media, and the public.

Is Progressive Policy Institute a public or private company?

Progressive Policy Institute is a private company. It is classified as nonprofit foundation owned and is currently operating.

When was Progressive Policy Institute founded?

Progressive Policy Institute was founded in 1989. It employs 11 to 50 people.

Where is Progressive Policy Institute based?

Progressive Policy Institute is headquartered in Washington, United States, in the North America region.

How does Progressive Policy Institute make money?

One revenue line is on record: foundation and Individual Donations.

Who are Progressive Policy Institute's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are Third Way, Center for American Progress, New America, Economic Policy Institute, Roosevelt Institute, American Enterprise Institute, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation and Niskanen Center. Broad incumbents are Brookings Institution and The Heritage Foundation.

Does Progressive Policy Institute have an API?

No public API is recorded for Progressive Policy Institute.

What industry is Progressive Policy Institute in?

Progressive Policy Institute's product category is Public Policy Research and Advocacy. Its primary akta.pro industry code is BPAGAFAO, Think Tanks, Policy Research & Public Policy Institutes, with a secondary code of BPADAGAJ, Democratic Governance & Public Administration Reform. Its NAICS code is 54172 and its SIC code is 2741.

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Live signals
American City Business JournalsHouston's advanced recycling could process 421,000 tons annuallyA Progressive Policy Institute analysis finds 421,000 tons of plastic from Harris County landfills can be recycled with existing advanced recycling capacity. The constraint is collection, not technology, according to an expert. The region can process this amount annually.Fox NewsPowerful teachers' unions share striking link with states struggling to teach kids to readA Progressive Policy Institute analysis found states with stronger teachers' unions tend to have weaker literacy performance and fewer reading-improving policies. Eight of the 10 worst states had powerful unions, while only four of the top 60% did. The pattern is not universal, as Maryland and South Dakota show exceptions.New York PostBlue states with strong teachers’ unions have lower student literacy levels: study showsA Progressive Policy Institute study found that blue states with strong teachers' unions have lower student literacy scores than Republican states. New York, with a powerful union, ranked among the worst, while top-performing states were mostly conservative. The study suggests unions slow adoption of literacy reforms.ProgressivepolicyRitz on Radically Pragmatic Substack: We Need to Get Creative to Save Social SecurityThe Progressive Policy Institute proposes redefining Social Security benefits to be based on years worked rather than lifetime earnings, aiming to prevent a 2032 trust fund shortfall. The plan would keep benefits for those working 20+ years and avoid automatic 22% cuts, though critics argue it weakens the link between contributions and benefits.PR NewswireAdvanced Recycling Could More Than Double U.S. Plastic Recycling Rates, New PPI Report ShowsThe Progressive Policy Institute released a report finding that expanding advanced recycling at existing oil refineries and new standalone facilities nationwide can more than double the U.S. plastic recycling rate from 9% to between 19-23%. The report estimates that local municipalities could save between $229.7 million and $327.5 million per year in avoided landfill tipping fees. The author argues that clear policy frameworks are essential for this technology to achieve its full potential in waste diversion and economic impact.ProMarketHow the Professionalization of College Sports Changed Who WinsThe House v. NCAA private antitrust settlement of 2025 dismantled the 120-year-old amateurism model in U.S. college sports by requiring schools to share an estimated $20 billion in revenues with athletes and pay nearly $3 billion in back damages. New research from the Progressive Policy Institute analyzing NCAA March Madness tournament data finds that schools have rapidly 'priced in' the new pay-to-play model, with the correlation between team seeding and performance reaching 76-77% by 2025-2026, as high-seed (better-funded) schools increasingly dominate tournament results. The author raises questions about whether the current levels of spending on college athletics—particularly the 64% budget increase among high-seed programs since 2021—are sustainable given that performance improvements appear to have plateaued.ProgressivepolicyStatement of PPI’s Diana Moss to the California Assembly, Committee on Arts, Entertainment, Sports and Tourism, Hearing on AB 1720 (Ticket Sellers)Diana Moss of the Progressive Policy Institute testified before the California Assembly Committee on Arts, Entertainment, Sports and Tourism in opposition to AB 1720, a bill proposing resale ticket price caps. She argued that price controls would eliminate competition in the resale market and drive consumers back to Live Nation-Ticketmaster's monopoly, while potentially immunizing market participants from antitrust liability. PPI recommended the Committee reject the bill and instead focus on consumer protections such as price transparency, ticket transferability, and banning bots.PYMNTS.comAI Policy Shifts From Innovation to Economic PayoffDr. Michael Mandel, chief economist at the Progressive Policy Institute, argues in an interview that AI policy must address the widening productivity gap between the information sector, where growth is rapid, and physical industries like construction, agriculture and manufacturing, where productivity has stalled near zero. He cites China as a model of decentralized state-supported investment driving competitiveness, while noting that Europe's extensive tech regulation has failed to generate measurable productivity gains. Mandel recommends sustained US investment in AI infrastructure, greater state-level execution, and new economic measurement frameworks to ensure productivity gains extend beyond the digital core of the economy.ProgressivepolicyState Regulation of the Resale Ticket Market: Risks to Competition, Fans, and Antitrust EnforcementThe Progressive Policy Institute released a report analyzing state proposals to regulate the resale ticket market through price caps, arguing such laws risk disrupting competition and conflicting with antitrust enforcement targeting the Live Nation-Ticketmaster monopoly. The DOJ has filed a monopolization case against Live Nation-Ticketmaster, which holds 75% of concert promotion and 80% of ticketing market shares, with 40 states and the District of Columbia as co-plaintiffs. The report warns that state price controls on resale tickets could hobble the only source of competition for fans and interfere with efforts to break up the primary ticketing monopoly.The Space ReviewThe Space Review: The long arm of a European space lawThe European Commission released a draft EU Space Act in June, proposing a single regulatory system across EU member states to address space safety, sustainability, collision avoidance, debris mitigation, and cybersecurity. The US government, including the State Department, and major American companies such as SpaceX have submitted formal objections, arguing the act imposes excessive compliance costs, creates non-tariff barriers, and disadvantages US participation in European space markets. A study commissioned by the Progressive Policy Institute estimated the regulations would cost American companies 85 million euros in annual revenue and European companies 245 million euros, while depressing investment in European space firms by up to 3.45 billion euros over the long term.