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Almega

Full company profile

uuid000mrb3

Namestring
Almega
Legal namestring
Almega
Websiteurl
almega.se
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1920
Descriptiontext

Almega is Sweden's largest employers' organization for service companies, operating as a federation of nine sector-specific affiliated associations (Tjänsteförbunden, Tjänsteföretagen, Utbildning, Innovationsföretagen, Kompetensföretagen, Medieföretagen, Säkerhetsföretagen, Tågföretagen, Vårdföretagarna). Founded around 1920 and headquartered in Stockholm, Almega represents approximately 10,000 member companies that collectively employ around 500,000 workers across the Swedish service economy. Its functional role is to negotiate collective agreements, provide labor-law advisory and policy advocacy, and offer training, research, and digital tools tailored to private service-sector employers.

The organization's core product suite centers on the Arbetsgivarguiden member platform, which hosts collective agreements, step-by-step guides, templates, and direct advisor access, and now includes the AI-based Arbetsgivarassistenten chatbot for 24/7 member support. Almega also publishes proprietary research products — the quarterly Tjänsteindikator (Services Indicator, running since 2001), Kompetensbarometern AI (a data-driven tracker of AI-competency demand), Beredskapsindex (organizational preparedness tool aligned with upcoming legal requirements), and recurring reports on AI and jobs, the gig economy, and knowledge-intensive service exports. Underlying technology is not proprietary AI research; AI capabilities appear as domain-specialized features layered on top of standard platforms and statistical models.

Almega's business model is membership-fee-based, recurring subscription revenue from ~10,000 member companies, with no publicly disclosed pricing or financial statements. The organization is privately held, governed by its members, and operates offices across Sweden from north to south. Go-to-market is sales-led, combining direct outreach with policy advocacy and public research dissemination to attract and retain members, while service delivery is anchored in the Arbetsgivarguiden digital platform and the federation's nine affiliated associations.

Short descriptiontext

Almega is Sweden's largest employers' organization for service companies, federating nine sector-specific associations that represent roughly 10,000 member companies employing about 500,000 workers, providing collective agreements, labor-law advisory, training, and AI-enabled member tools.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
101–250
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersStockholm, Sweden
HQ citystring
Stockholm
HQ countrystring
Sweden
HQ regionstring
Europe
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices2 records

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
employers organization, collective bargaining services, labor law advisory, workforce training, employer advocacy
Industry2 codes
1Employment & Labor Law
CodeBPAHAAADPrimaryYes
2Onboarding, Offboarding & Employee Lifecycle Administration
CodeBPACAHALPrimaryNo
NAICS code2 codes
  • Business Associations813910
  • Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations8139
SIC code1 code
  • Services-Membership Organizations8600
Product category
Employer and Labor Relations Services
Social media profiles4 records
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Membership fees
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Almega generates revenue through membership fees paid by its approximately 10,000 member companies across nine affiliated associations covering various service sectors.

almega.se
Marketing channels6 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels1 record

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 record
1Arbetsgivarguiden
Description

Digital tool helping employers navigate collective agreements, laws, and practices in Swedish labor market. Includes step-by-step guides, templates, and AI-based Arbetsgivarassistenten.

almega.se
Core offering1 text field

Almega is a Swedish employers' organization that provides member companies with collective agreements, labor law advisory services, training courses, and policy advocacy representation. Through nine affiliated sector associations, it serves approximately 10,000 member companies employing around 500,000 workers across the Swedish private service sector. Members gain access to the Arbetsgivarguiden digital platform, AI-based advisory tools, and negotiation support across labor relations matters.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Product overview1 text field

Almega is a Swedish employers' organization for service companies comprising nine federations with approximately 10,000 member companies employing 500,000 workers. The organization provides a portfolio of membership services including the Arbetsgivarguiden (Employer Guide) platform with an integrated AI-based Arbetsgivarassistenten chatbot, collective agreement support, advisory services, and courses/training. Additionally, Almega publishes proprietary research including the quarterly Tjänsteindikator (Service Indicator) for economic forecasting, Kompetensbarometern AI for tracking AI labor market demand, Beredskapsindex for organizational preparedness, and various research reports on topics including AI's impact on jobs, gig economy dynamics, and knowledge-intensive service exports.

Product and service8 records
1Arbetsgivarguiden (Employer Guide)
CategoryDigital Member Platform
Description

Comprehensive digital platform providing member employers with access to collective agreements, step-by-step guides, templates, and direct contact persons across various employment law areas. Used by member companies of Almega to navigate Swedish labor market rules.

2Arbetsgivarassistenten (AI Employer Assistant)
CategoryAI Advisory Service
Description

24/7 AI-based chatbot integrated into Arbetsgivarguiden that allows member employers to ask questions and receive guidance on labor law and employment matters.

3Kompetensbarometern AI
CategoryResearch and Analytics Tool
Description

Data-driven research model that tracks and visualizes how demand for AI competencies is evolving in the Swedish labor market, serving policy and workforce planning needs.

4Beredskapsindex
CategoryCompliance Assessment Tool
Description

Self-assessment tool enabling organizations to evaluate their current preparedness level, set goals, and follow up on preparedness work in line with upcoming Swedish legal requirements.

5Almegas Tjänsteindikator (Service Indicator)
CategoryEconomic Indicator / Research
Description

Quarterly economic indicator measuring the development of the Swedish private service sector, published continuously since 2001.

6Kurser och utbildningar (Courses and Training)
CategoryTraining and Education
Description

Educational offerings including courses on labor law, whistleblowing regulations, wage transparency directives, and other employer-relevant topics, delivered in-person and online.

7Rådgivning (Advisory Services)
CategoryAdvisory and Consulting Services
Description

Advisory and guidance services for member companies on labor law, employment contracts, work permits, collective agreements, and other employer obligations, provided by Almega's team of experts and negotiators.

8Rapporter (Research Reports)
CategoryResearch and Publications
Description

Published research reports covering labor market trends, AI impact on jobs, gig economy, service exports, and other economic and policy topics relevant to Swedish service companies and policymakers.

Scale indicator4 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership3 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

ECIPE, a Brussels-based think tank, collaborated with Almega to publish research on industrial policy for modern economies, specifically arguing that Europe should shift focus from manufacturing to the services sector. The report, commissioned by Almega, found that eliminating trade barriers for services could boost EU GDP by €280 billion over five years.

Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Almega references Unionen's surveys on AI adoption in Swedish workplaces, where 67 percent of companies surveyed had introduced AI by October 2025, and Akavia's research on AI usage among academics. These reflect collaborative labor market dynamics in Sweden.

3Almega member associations
Strategic tierCoreTypeOthers
Description

Nine affiliated associations operate under the Almega umbrella: Almega Tjänsteförbunden, Almega Tjänsteföretagen, Almega Utbildning, Innovationsföretagen, Kompetensföretagen, Medieföretagen, Säkerhetsföretagen, Tågföretagen, and Vårdföretagarna. Each represents specific service sectors and collectively constitutes Almega's membership base.

almega.se
Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
1Svenskt Näringsliv
TypeDirect peer
Description

Sweden's main employer confederation, of which Almega is a member federation. Operates the same collective-bargaining and policy-advocacy model for Swedish employers, just at a broader cross-sector level. Directly comparable in mission, structure, and funding model.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Swedish employers' association for the technology and industrial sectors. Mirrors Almega's federation structure, collective-agreement negotiations, and member-service model, but focused on industrial/tech employers rather than service companies.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Swedish Trade Federation representing retail and wholesale employers. A fellow member of Svenskt Näringsliv alongside Almega, with the same collective-bargaining and labor-law advisory proposition for a different vertical.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Swedish employers' association for the manufacturing industry. Operates the same employer-side collective-bargaining model as Almega, serving industrial employers under the Swedish labor-market framework.

TypeRegional player
Description

Denmark's main employers' and industry confederation. Closest Nordic equivalent to the Almega/Svenskt Näringsliv federation model, with collective agreements, advisory services, and policy advocacy for Danish employers.

6Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon (NHO)
TypeRegional player
Description

Norway's Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. Functions as the Norwegian counterpart to Svenskt Näringsliv/Almega, providing collective-bargaining representation and policy advocacy for Norwegian employers across sectors.

TypeRegional player
Description

Federation of German Industries, the principal German employers' association. Comparable as a national-level employer advocacy body with policy research output, though Germany also has separate sectoral collective-bargaining bodies (like Almega's nine sub-associations).

8Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
TypeRegional player
Description

UK's leading business and employers' organization. Comparable role to Almega at a UK-wide scope, offering advocacy, research, and member services; differs in scale and absence of collective-bargaining function due to UK's decentralized labor relations.

TypeRegional player
Description

France's principal employers' organization. Performs the same national employer-side advocacy and collective-bargaining role as Almega within a different national labor-law framework.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Global umbrella body for employer organizations. Almega is a member through its national confederation; IOE represents the employer-side equivalent at the ILO and international policy level, comparable in mission at a global rather than national scope.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat4 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers1 record

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment5 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile3 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature1 record

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles5 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

Subsidiaries9 records

Each record includes

Name, Acquired on, Relationship type, Type, Business focus

No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Almega

Employer and Labor Relations Servicesalmega.se

Almega is Sweden's largest employers' organization for service companies, federating nine sector-specific associations that represent roughly 10,000 member companies employing about 500,000 workers, providing collective agreements, labor-law advisory, training, and AI-enabled member tools.

What Almega does

Almega is Sweden's largest employers' organization for service companies, operating as a federation of nine sector-specific affiliated associations (Tjänsteförbunden, Tjänsteföretagen, Utbildning, Innovationsföretagen, Kompetensföretagen, Medieföretagen, Säkerhetsföretagen, Tågföretagen, Vårdföretagarna). Founded around 1920 and headquartered in Stockholm, Almega represents approximately 10,000 member companies that collectively employ around 500,000 workers across the Swedish service economy. Its functional role is to negotiate collective agreements, provide labor-law advisory and policy advocacy, and offer training, research, and digital tools tailored to private service-sector employers.

The organization's core product suite centers on the Arbetsgivarguiden member platform, which hosts collective agreements, step-by-step guides, templates, and direct advisor access, and now includes the AI-based Arbetsgivarassistenten chatbot for 24/7 member support. Almega also publishes proprietary research products — the quarterly Tjänsteindikator (Services Indicator, running since 2001), Kompetensbarometern AI (a data-driven tracker of AI-competency demand), Beredskapsindex (organizational preparedness tool aligned with upcoming legal requirements), and recurring reports on AI and jobs, the gig economy, and knowledge-intensive service exports. Underlying technology is not proprietary AI research; AI capabilities appear as domain-specialized features layered on top of standard platforms and statistical models.

Almega's business model is membership-fee-based, recurring subscription revenue from ~10,000 member companies, with no publicly disclosed pricing or financial statements. The organization is privately held, governed by its members, and operates offices across Sweden from north to south. Go-to-market is sales-led, combining direct outreach with policy advocacy and public research dissemination to attract and retain members, while service delivery is anchored in the Arbetsgivarguiden digital platform and the federation's nine affiliated associations.

Almega firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Almega
Legal name
Almega
Website
https://almega.se
Company type
Private
Founded year
1920
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
101–250 employees
Short description
Almega is Sweden's largest employers' organization for service companies, federating nine sector-specific associations that represent roughly 10,000 member companies employing about 500,000 workers, providing collective agreements, labor-law advisory, training, and AI-enabled member tools.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Almega industry classification

Industry
Product category
Employer and Labor Relations Services
NAICS
Business Associations (813910), Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations (8139)
SIC
Services-Membership Organizations (8600)
akta.pro primary industry
Employment & Labor Law (BPAHAAAD)
akta.pro secondary industry
Onboarding, Offboarding & Employee Lifecycle Administration (BPACAHAL)

Keywords

  • Employers organization
  • Collective bargaining services
  • Labor law advisory
  • Workforce training
  • Employer advocacy

Where Almega is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Stockholm
HQ country
Sweden
HQ region
Europe

Offices2 records

Markets served

Almega business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure

Revenue model

  1. Membership fees: Almega generates revenue through membership fees paid by its approximately 10,000 member companies across nine affiliated associations covering various service sectors.

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels1 record

Marketing channels6 records

Almega product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Almega is a Swedish employers' organization that provides member companies with collective agreements, labor law advisory services, training courses, and policy advocacy representation. Through nine affiliated sector associations, it serves approximately 10,000 member companies employing around 500,000 workers across the Swedish private service sector. Members gain access to the Arbetsgivarguiden digital platform, AI-based advisory tools, and negotiation support across labor relations matters.

Product overview

Almega is a Swedish employers' organization for service companies comprising nine federations with approximately 10,000 member companies employing 500,000 workers. The organization provides a portfolio of membership services including the Arbetsgivarguiden (Employer Guide) platform with an integrated AI-based Arbetsgivarassistenten chatbot, collective agreement support, advisory services, and courses/training. Additionally, Almega publishes proprietary research including the quarterly Tjänsteindikator (Service Indicator) for economic forecasting, Kompetensbarometern AI for tracking AI labor market demand, Beredskapsindex for organizational preparedness, and various research reports on topics including AI's impact on jobs, gig economy dynamics, and knowledge-intensive service exports.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • Arbetsgivarguiden: Digital tool helping employers navigate collective agreements, laws, and practices in Swedish labor market. Includes step-by-step guides, templates, and AI-based Arbetsgivarassistenten.

Products and services

  • Arbetsgivarguiden (Employer Guide) Comprehensive digital platform providing member employers with access to collective agreements, step-by-step guides, templates, and direct contact persons across various employment law areas. Used by member companies of Almega to navigate Swedish labor market rules.
  • Arbetsgivarassistenten (AI Employer Assistant) 24/7 AI-based chatbot integrated into Arbetsgivarguiden that allows member employers to ask questions and receive guidance on labor law and employment matters.
  • Kompetensbarometern AI Data-driven research model that tracks and visualizes how demand for AI competencies is evolving in the Swedish labor market, serving policy and workforce planning needs.
  • Beredskapsindex Self-assessment tool enabling organizations to evaluate their current preparedness level, set goals, and follow up on preparedness work in line with upcoming Swedish legal requirements.
  • Almegas Tjänsteindikator (Service Indicator) Quarterly economic indicator measuring the development of the Swedish private service sector, published continuously since 2001.
  • Kurser och utbildningar (Courses and Training) Educational offerings including courses on labor law, whistleblowing regulations, wage transparency directives, and other employer-relevant topics, delivered in-person and online.
  • Rådgivning (Advisory Services) Advisory and guidance services for member companies on labor law, employment contracts, work permits, collective agreements, and other employer obligations, provided by Almega's team of experts and negotiators.
  • Rapporter (Research Reports) Published research reports covering labor market trends, AI impact on jobs, gig economy, service exports, and other economic and policy topics relevant to Swedish service companies and policymakers.

Companies that use Almega

Customer profile

Named customers1 record

Segments5 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

Almega technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature1 record

Almega partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Three partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

  • ECIPE (European Centre for International Political Economy)coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerECIPE, a Brussels-based think tank, collaborated with Almega to publish research on industrial policy for modern economies, specifically arguing that Europe should shift focus from manufacturing to the services sector. The report, commissioned by Almega, found that eliminating trade barriers for services could boost EU GDP by €280 billion over five years.
  • Unionen (via research reference)minorOthersAlmega references Unionen's surveys on AI adoption in Swedish workplaces, where 67 percent of companies surveyed had introduced AI by October 2025, and Akavia's research on AI usage among academics. These reflect collaborative labor market dynamics in Sweden.
  • Almega member associationscoreOthersNine affiliated associations operate under the Almega umbrella: Almega Tjänsteförbunden, Almega Tjänsteföretagen, Almega Utbildning, Innovationsföretagen, Kompetensföretagen, Medieföretagen, Säkerhetsföretagen, Tågföretagen, and Vårdföretagarna. Each represents specific service sectors and collectively constitutes Almega's membership base.

Scale indicators4 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Almega competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • Svenskt Näringsliv: Sweden's main employer confederation, of which Almega is a member federation. Operates the same collective-bargaining and policy-advocacy model for Swedish employers, just at a broader cross-sector level. Directly comparable in mission, structure, and funding model.
  • Teknikföretagen: Swedish employers' association for the technology and industrial sectors. Mirrors Almega's federation structure, collective-agreement negotiations, and member-service model, but focused on industrial/tech employers rather than service companies.
  • Svensk Handel: Swedish Trade Federation representing retail and wholesale employers. A fellow member of Svenskt Näringsliv alongside Almega, with the same collective-bargaining and labor-law advisory proposition for a different vertical.
  • Industriarbetsgivarna: Swedish employers' association for the manufacturing industry. Operates the same employer-side collective-bargaining model as Almega, serving industrial employers under the Swedish labor-market framework.

Regional players

  • Dansk Industri (DI): Denmark's main employers' and industry confederation. Closest Nordic equivalent to the Almega/Svenskt Näringsliv federation model, with collective agreements, advisory services, and policy advocacy for Danish employers.
  • Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon (NHO): Norway's Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. Functions as the Norwegian counterpart to Svenskt Näringsliv/Almega, providing collective-bargaining representation and policy advocacy for Norwegian employers across sectors.
  • Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI): Federation of German Industries, the principal German employers' association. Comparable as a national-level employer advocacy body with policy research output, though Germany also has separate sectoral collective-bargaining bodies (like Almega's nine sub-associations).
  • Confederation of British Industry (CBI): UK's leading business and employers' organization. Comparable role to Almega at a UK-wide scope, offering advocacy, research, and member services; differs in scale and absence of collective-bargaining function due to UK's decentralized labor relations.
  • Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF): France's principal employers' organization. Performs the same national employer-side advocacy and collective-bargaining role as Almega within a different national labor-law framework.

Broad incumbents

  • International Organisation of Employers (IOE): Global umbrella body for employer organizations. Almega is a member through its national confederation; IOE represents the employer-side equivalent at the ILO and international policy level, comparable in mission at a global rather than national scope.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat4 records

Key risks5 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

Almega social profiles

Digital presence

Almega financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Almega leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles5 records

Almega subsidiaries and ownership

Company hierarchy

Subsidiaries9 records

Almega funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Almega M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Almega

What does Almega do?

Almega is a Swedish employers' organization that provides member companies with collective agreements, labor law advisory services, training courses, and policy advocacy representation. Through nine affiliated sector associations, it serves approximately 10,000 member companies employing around 500,000 workers across the Swedish private service sector. Members gain access to the Arbetsgivarguiden digital platform, AI-based advisory tools, and negotiation support across labor relations matters.

Is Almega a public or private company?

Almega is a private company. It is classified as management employee owned and is currently operating.

When was Almega founded?

Almega was founded in 1920. It employs 101 to 250 people.

Where is Almega based?

Almega is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, in the Europe region.

How does Almega make money?

One revenue line is on record: membership fees.

Who are Almega's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are Svenskt Näringsliv, Teknikföretagen, Svensk Handel and Industriarbetsgivarna. Regional players are Dansk Industri (DI), Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon (NHO), Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI), Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF). International Organisation of Employers (IOE) is listed as a broad incumbent.

Does Almega have an API?

No public API is recorded for Almega.

What industry is Almega in?

Almega's product category is Employer and Labor Relations Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is BPAHAAAD, Employment & Labor Law, with a secondary code of BPACAHAL, Onboarding, Offboarding & Employee Lifecycle Administration. Its NAICS code is 813910 and its SIC code is 8600.

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Live signals
Dagens industriBygg inte ett totalförsvar för gårdagens SverigeAnn Öberg, CEO of Almega, argues that Sweden's services sector must be central to national defense, as human competence and services are the key resilience resource. She warns that relying on stockpiles ignores that services cannot be stored, and calls for concrete preparedness work in areas like staffing and leadership.Dagens industriFöretagen i välfärden är inte problemetFredrik Östbom, policy director at Almega, argues that private welfare providers contribute to efficiency and cost savings in Sweden, contrary to Social Democratic proposals to restrict profit-making in schools. The article cites data showing private schools reduce municipal costs and private healthcare achieves higher patient satisfaction compared to public alternatives.AlmegaThe Services Revolution: Industrial Policy for a Modern EconomyA research report published by ECIPE and commissioned by Swedish employers' organization Almega argues that Europe should shift its industrial policy focus from manufacturing toward the services sector, claiming that eliminating trade barriers for services could boost EU GDP by €280 billion over five years (equivalent to 1.6% growth). The report finds that Europe significantly trails the US in services sector productivity and R&D investment, with US services R&D spending now nearly six times greater than the EU's despite similar economic size of the services sectors in both regions. The authors recommend regulatory reforms to reduce barriers to entry and conduct in services, increased R&D incentives for digital services and scientific research, and expanded ICT infrastructure investment to close the productivity gap with the US.ArbetsvarldenReplik: Det är lättare att styra fristående aktörer mot resultatAlmega responded to a debate article by clarifying it does not want the Swedish Employment Service privatized, but rather to improve competition among independent job brokers. It argues that higher quality standards and clearer entry thresholds would raise effectiveness, citing its January 2019 report.