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Spring Airlines

Full company profile

uuid00343y7

Namestring
Spring Airlines
Legal namestring
Spring Airlines Co., Ltd.
Websiteurl
en.ch.com
Company typeenum
Public
Founded yearint
2004
Descriptiontext

Spring Airlines is a Shanghai-headquartered, publicly listed low-cost carrier (Shanghai Stock Exchange ticker 9C, SSE: 601021) founded in 2004, operating China's largest LCC fleet with 129 Airbus A320-200 and A320neo aircraft. The airline serves budget-conscious travelers across domestic China and a nine-country Asian international network spanning Japan, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Malaysia, with route additions into Indonesia (Jakarta-Guangzhou/Shenzhen launched June 2026) and resumed cross-strait service (Kaohsiung-Ningbo in July 2026).

The company operates a three-tier unbundled fare structure — Lucky Spring, Spring, and SpringPlus — where passengers pay a la carte for checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance, and priority services, with the SpringPlus tier offering premium seating, priority handling, and bonus SpringPass loyalty points. Distribution runs through direct digital channels (en.ch.com, native iOS/Android/HarmonyOS apps, WeChat, Weibo) supported by a 24/7 call center, with multi-currency and multi-language booking. The wholly-owned Japanese subsidiary Spring Japan (IJ) operates Boeing 737-800s on domestic Japanese routes and Japan-China international service. Technology initiatives include a joint-venture domestically-produced A320 full-flight simulator (received July 18, 2025) with Harbin Wright Brothers Technology Development Co Ltd and integrations with Alibaba Cloud for facial-recognition identity verification.

The business model is a classic LCC construct: low base fares monetize via ancillary fees (baggage, seat selection, meals, insurance) and premium upgrade attach (SpringPlus). Revenue is driven by passenger ticket volume across 129 aircraft, with a 30-aircraft A320neo order worth up to $4.13B scheduled for 2028-2032 delivery signaling continued capacity expansion. Controlling shareholder Shanghai Spring International Travel Service (Group) Co., Ltd. (Spring Travel) holds governance oversight, and Spring Airlines Technology handles internal IT and marketing functions.

Short descriptiontext

Spring Airlines is a Shanghai-headquartered Chinese low-cost carrier (publicly listed on SSE as 9C) operating China's largest LCC fleet of 129 Airbus A320 aircraft, serving budget travelers across domestic China and nine Asian countries through unbundled fares and ancillary services.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
5,001–10,000
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersShanghai, China
HQ citystring
Shanghai
HQ countrystring
China
HQ regionstring
Asia
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
low-cost airline, passenger air travel, budget carrier flights, airline ticket sales, ancillary travel services
Industry3 codes
1Passenger Ancillary Services (Baggage, Seats, Priority, Bundles)
CodeTHABALAEPrimaryNo
2In-Flight Customer Experience, Service Design & Personalization
CodeTHABAMAIPrimaryNo
3Group Air, Ticketing & Travel Operations (Manifests, Rebooking, 24/7 Support)
CodeTHAHANAFPrimaryNo
NAICS code1 code
  • Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation481111
SIC code1 code
  • Air Transportation, Scheduled4512
Product category
Low-cost airline passenger transportation
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model4 records
1Airline Ticket Sales
TypeOne Time License
Description

Core revenue from selling passenger air tickets across domestic China and international routes. Spring Airlines operates on a low-cost carrier model with three fare types (Lucky Spring, Spring, SpringPlus) offering different levels of service and inclusions.

en.ch.com
2Ancillary Services
TypeTransaction Fee
Description

Significant ancillary revenue from checked baggage fees, seat selection charges, onboard meals, travel insurance, priority boarding, and excess baggage fees. The airline's low-cost model unbundles services allowing passengers to pay only for what they use.

en.ch.com
3Checked Baggage
TypeTransaction Fee
Description

Passengers can purchase checked baggage allowance in advance or pay excess baggage fees at airport counters. Fees vary by route distance and weight, with different pricing for domestic vs international routes.

en.ch.com
4SpringPlus Upgrade
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Premium upgrade service offering front row seating, 20KG check-in baggage allowance, 20-40% more legroom, dedicated elite service, priority check-in and boarding, greater ticket flexibility, and bonus SpringPass points.

en.ch.com
Marketing channels7 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components6 values
Operations, Infrastructure, Personnel, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Supply Chain
Pricing details3 tiers
1Lucky Spring fare - basic low-cost option with minimal inclusions
ModelOne time/ perpetual licenseBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Basic fare type with no included checked baggage. Passengers pay for all services including baggage, seat selection, and meals separately. Carry-on baggage limited to 7kg within 30x20x40cm dimensions.

en.ch.com
2Spring fare - standard low-cost option with moderate inclusions
ModelOne time/ perpetual licenseBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Standard fare type. Checked baggage allowance varies - international routes include 20kg free checked baggage under some fare types. Carry-on baggage same as Lucky Spring.

en.ch.com
3SpringPlus - premium fare with maximum inclusions
ModelOne time/ perpetual licenseBilling cadencePay-as-you-go
Notes

Premium fare offering 10kg carry-on baggage (40x20x55cm), 30kg checked baggage for international flights, priority services, and bonus loyalty points.

en.ch.com
GTM typeB2C
B2C
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 of 3 records shown
1SpringPlus
Description

Premium cabin service offering front row seating, 20KG check-in baggage allowance, 20-40% more legroom, dedicated elite service, priority check-in and boarding, and greater ticket flexibility

en.ch.com
+2 more records
Core offering1 text field

Spring Airlines is a Chinese low-cost carrier that sells unbundled passenger air tickets on domestic Chinese routes and international routes across Asia under the main 9C brand, plus domestic Japanese routes and Japan-China routes through its Spring Japan (IJ) subsidiary. The airline operates a three-tier fare structure (Lucky Spring, Spring, SpringPlus) and generates additional revenue from ancillary services such as checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance, priority boarding, and excess baggage. Distribution is direct-to-consumer through the company's website (en.ch.com), mobile apps, WeChat, call center, and partner agencies.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 value
  • Flight training cost reduction through domestically-made simulator investment
Product overview1 text field

Spring Airlines operates as a Chinese low-cost carrier (LCC) headquartered in Shanghai, offering a comprehensive air travel platform under the main brand Spring Airlines (flight code 9C) alongside its Japanese subsidiary SPRING JAPAN (flight code IJ). The core product is the online booking platform enabling ticket sales for domestic flights within China and international routes across Asia. The service portfolio includes tiered fare products (Three Fare Types), premium upgrades (SpringPlus), ancillary services (checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance), and loyalty program (SpringPass). The company also operates a separate SPRING JAPAN subsidiary offering domestic routes within Japan and international routes to China using Boeing 737-800 aircraft, while the main 9C operations use Airbus A320-200 and A320neo aircraft.

Scale indicator3 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership3 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or IntegrationAnnounced on2025-12-29
Description

Spring Airlines agreed to purchase 30 A320neo aircraft from Airbus at a price not exceeding $4.13 billion, with deliveries scheduled between 2028 and 2032. The order underscores Airbus's increasingly central role in China's commercial aviation market as Boeing remains sidelined by geopolitical tensions.

Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2025-07-18
Description

Spring Airlines partnered with Harbin Wright Brothers Technology Development Co Ltd to develop its first domestically-made A320 flight training simulator. The simulator features a complete cockpit and visual system capable of simulating up to 300 system failure scenarios, improving pilot proficiency while reducing training costs. The company invested 800 million yuan in building its flight training base in 2014.

Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Spring Airlines launched two new international flight routes connecting Jakarta with Guangzhou and Shenzhen, operated through Soekarno-Hatta International Airport managed by PT Angkasa Pura Indonesia. The Guangzhou service began June 16, 2026 (three weekly flights) and Shenzhen service started June 17, 2026 (twice weekly).

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Market position
Weaknesses4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat4 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers1 record

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile2 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature1 record

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles2 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

Subsidiaries1 record

Each record includes

Name, Acquired on, Relationship type, Type, Business focus

No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment1 record

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Spring Airlines

Low-cost airline passenger transportationen.ch.com

Spring Airlines is a Shanghai-headquartered Chinese low-cost carrier (publicly listed on SSE as 9C) operating China's largest LCC fleet of 129 Airbus A320 aircraft, serving budget travelers across domestic China and nine Asian countries through unbundled fares and ancillary services.

What Spring Airlines does

Spring Airlines is a Shanghai-headquartered, publicly listed low-cost carrier (Shanghai Stock Exchange ticker 9C, SSE: 601021) founded in 2004, operating China's largest LCC fleet with 129 Airbus A320-200 and A320neo aircraft. The airline serves budget-conscious travelers across domestic China and a nine-country Asian international network spanning Japan, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Malaysia, with route additions into Indonesia (Jakarta-Guangzhou/Shenzhen launched June 2026) and resumed cross-strait service (Kaohsiung-Ningbo in July 2026).

The company operates a three-tier unbundled fare structure — Lucky Spring, Spring, and SpringPlus — where passengers pay a la carte for checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance, and priority services, with the SpringPlus tier offering premium seating, priority handling, and bonus SpringPass loyalty points. Distribution runs through direct digital channels (en.ch.com, native iOS/Android/HarmonyOS apps, WeChat, Weibo) supported by a 24/7 call center, with multi-currency and multi-language booking. The wholly-owned Japanese subsidiary Spring Japan (IJ) operates Boeing 737-800s on domestic Japanese routes and Japan-China international service. Technology initiatives include a joint-venture domestically-produced A320 full-flight simulator (received July 18, 2025) with Harbin Wright Brothers Technology Development Co Ltd and integrations with Alibaba Cloud for facial-recognition identity verification.

The business model is a classic LCC construct: low base fares monetize via ancillary fees (baggage, seat selection, meals, insurance) and premium upgrade attach (SpringPlus). Revenue is driven by passenger ticket volume across 129 aircraft, with a 30-aircraft A320neo order worth up to $4.13B scheduled for 2028-2032 delivery signaling continued capacity expansion. Controlling shareholder Shanghai Spring International Travel Service (Group) Co., Ltd. (Spring Travel) holds governance oversight, and Spring Airlines Technology handles internal IT and marketing functions.

Spring Airlines firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Spring Airlines
Legal name
Spring Airlines Co., Ltd.
Website
https://en.ch.com
Company type
Public
Founded year
2004
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
5,001–10,000 employees
Short description
Spring Airlines is a Shanghai-headquartered Chinese low-cost carrier (publicly listed on SSE as 9C) operating China's largest LCC fleet of 129 Airbus A320 aircraft, serving budget travelers across domestic China and nine Asian countries through unbundled fares and ancillary services.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where Spring Airlines is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Shanghai
HQ country
China
HQ region
Asia

Offices1 record

Markets served

Spring Airlines business model

Business model
GTM type
B2C
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Operations, Infrastructure, Personnel, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Supply Chain

Revenue model

  1. Airline Ticket Sales: Core revenue from selling passenger air tickets across domestic China and international routes. Spring Airlines operates on a low-cost carrier model with three fare types (Lucky Spring, Spring, SpringPlus) offering different levels of service and inclusions.
  2. Ancillary Services: Significant ancillary revenue from checked baggage fees, seat selection charges, onboard meals, travel insurance, priority boarding, and excess baggage fees. The airline's low-cost model unbundles services allowing passengers to pay only for what they use.
  3. Checked Baggage: Passengers can purchase checked baggage allowance in advance or pay excess baggage fees at airport counters. Fees vary by route distance and weight, with different pricing for domestic vs international routes.
  4. SpringPlus Upgrade: Premium upgrade service offering front row seating, 20KG check-in baggage allowance, 20-40% more legroom, dedicated elite service, priority check-in and boarding, greater ticket flexibility, and bonus SpringPass points.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
One time/ perpetual licensePay-as-you-goLucky Spring fare - basic low-cost option with minimal inclusions
One time/ perpetual licensePay-as-you-goSpring fare - standard low-cost option with moderate inclusions
One time/ perpetual licensePay-as-you-goSpringPlus - premium fare with maximum inclusions

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels4 records

Marketing channels7 records

Spring Airlines product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Spring Airlines is a Chinese low-cost carrier that sells unbundled passenger air tickets on domestic Chinese routes and international routes across Asia under the main 9C brand, plus domestic Japanese routes and Japan-China routes through its Spring Japan (IJ) subsidiary. The airline operates a three-tier fare structure (Lucky Spring, Spring, SpringPlus) and generates additional revenue from ancillary services such as checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance, priority boarding, and excess baggage. Distribution is direct-to-consumer through the company's website (en.ch.com), mobile apps, WeChat, call center, and partner agencies.

Product overview

Spring Airlines operates as a Chinese low-cost carrier (LCC) headquartered in Shanghai, offering a comprehensive air travel platform under the main brand Spring Airlines (flight code 9C) alongside its Japanese subsidiary SPRING JAPAN (flight code IJ). The core product is the online booking platform enabling ticket sales for domestic flights within China and international routes across Asia. The service portfolio includes tiered fare products (Three Fare Types), premium upgrades (SpringPlus), ancillary services (checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance), and loyalty program (SpringPass). The company also operates a separate SPRING JAPAN subsidiary offering domestic routes within Japan and international routes to China using Boeing 737-800 aircraft, while the main 9C operations use Airbus A320-200 and A320neo aircraft.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • SpringPlus: Premium cabin service offering front row seating, 20KG check-in baggage allowance, 20-40% more legroom, dedicated elite service, priority check-in and boarding, and greater ticket flexibility
  • SpringPass
  • Spring Japan (IJ)

Quantifiable outcome

  • Flight training cost reduction through domestically-made simulator investment

Companies that use Spring Airlines

Customer profile

Named customers1 record

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles2 records

Spring Airlines technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature1 record

Spring Airlines partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Three partnerships are on record, tiered core.

  • AirbuscoreTechnology or Integration · 29 December 2025Spring Airlines agreed to purchase 30 A320neo aircraft from Airbus at a price not exceeding $4.13 billion, with deliveries scheduled between 2028 and 2032. The order underscores Airbus's increasingly central role in China's commercial aviation market as Boeing remains sidelined by geopolitical tensions.
  • Harbin Wright Brothers Technology Development Co LtdcoreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 18 July 2025Spring Airlines partnered with Harbin Wright Brothers Technology Development Co Ltd to develop its first domestically-made A320 flight training simulator. The simulator features a complete cockpit and visual system capable of simulating up to 300 system failure scenarios, improving pilot proficiency while reducing training costs. The company invested 800 million yuan in building its flight training base in 2014.
  • PT Angkasa Pura IndonesiacoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerSpring Airlines launched two new international flight routes connecting Jakarta with Guangzhou and Shenzhen, operated through Soekarno-Hatta International Airport managed by PT Angkasa Pura Indonesia. The Guangzhou service began June 16, 2026 (three weekly flights) and Shenzhen service started June 17, 2026 (twice weekly).

Scale indicators3 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Spring Airlines competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Market position

Weaknesses4 records

Competitive moat4 records

Customer concentration

Spring Airlines social profiles

Digital presence

Spring Airlines financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Spring Airlines leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles2 records

Spring Airlines subsidiaries and ownership

Company hierarchy

Subsidiaries1 record

Spring Airlines funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Spring Airlines M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments1 record

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Spring Airlines

What does Spring Airlines do?

Spring Airlines is a Chinese low-cost carrier that sells unbundled passenger air tickets on domestic Chinese routes and international routes across Asia under the main 9C brand, plus domestic Japanese routes and Japan-China routes through its Spring Japan (IJ) subsidiary. The airline operates a three-tier fare structure (Lucky Spring, Spring, SpringPlus) and generates additional revenue from ancillary services such as checked baggage, seat selection, onboard meals, travel insurance, priority boarding, and excess baggage. Distribution is direct-to-consumer through the company's website (en.ch.com), mobile apps, WeChat, call center, and partner agencies.

Is Spring Airlines a public or private company?

Spring Airlines is a public company. It is classified as public and is currently operating.

When was Spring Airlines founded?

Spring Airlines was founded in 2004. It employs 5,001 to 10,000 people.

Where is Spring Airlines based?

Spring Airlines is headquartered in Shanghai, China, in the Asia region.

How does Spring Airlines make money?

Four revenue lines are on record. Airline Ticket Sales are the primary driver. The others are ancillary Services, checked Baggage and springPlus Upgrade.

Does Spring Airlines have an API?

No public API is recorded for Spring Airlines.

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Live signals
Malaysia Latest NewsShanghai-KK flights to increase to twice daily from DecemberSpring Airlines will increase Shanghai-Kota Kinabalu flights to twice daily starting December, announced by Sabah's tourism minister. The move adds seats and improves accessibility from China, a key tourism market, ahead of Visit Sabah 2027. The airline continues expanding despite fuel costs rising 67% from February to September.JiemianSpring and Autumn Airlines: Passenger turnover in August increased by 9.26% year-on-year.Spring Airlines reported August 2024 passenger turnover of 604,687.82 million kilometers, up 9.26% year-on-year and 3.04% month-on-month. Cumulative turnover from January to August was 4,322,230.90 million kilometers, up 15.53% year-on-year.JiemianOil prices devour airline profits, the three major airlines increased losses by 70%, but Spring Airlines made a profit of 1 billion.Hainan Airlines' net profit growth in the first half of 2026 was driven by exchange rate factors, not operational improvements. The company confirmed an exchange gain of 1.882 billion yuan, while its passenger load factor rose only 1.51 percentage points year-on-year.AInvestSpring Airlines says July passenger trip carried up 5.1% y/y, mail and cargo carried up 7.8% y/ySpring Airlines reported a 5.1% year-over-year increase in July passenger trips and a 7.8% rise in mail and cargo carried. This data follows a 12.4% growth in May, indicating a continued but moderated expansion trend for the carrier.IfengThe air conditioning failure of a shuttle bus at Shanghai Pudong Airport caused discomfort to passengers, and Spring Airlines has apologized.Spring Airlines issued an apology on August 2 regarding an air conditioning failure on shuttle bus 02521 at Shanghai Pudong Airport that caused passenger discomfort. According to the airline's investigation using internal monitoring footage, the vehicle's air conditioning system experienced a sudden failure while queuing in the arrival area, with temperatures rising from 26.8°C to approximately 29.4°C over approximately 5 minutes before the driver reported the anomaly and attempted a restart. The airline has conducted a comprehensive review of all vehicle air conditioning systems and stated it will continue to improve service details, while confirming it has received complaints from multiple passengers regarding the incident.JiemianThe shuttle bus's air conditioning malfunctioned, causing discomfort to passengers. Spring Airlines apologizes.Spring Airlines issued an apology on August 2 after a shuttle bus (vehicle 02521) at Shanghai Pudong Airport experienced air conditioning failure, causing passenger discomfort with interior temperatures rising to approximately 29.4°C during a 5-minute wait near the disembarkation area. The company verified through vehicle monitoring that the AC was functioning at departure (26.8°C) but the driver did not operate the system while idling, and the malfunction was confirmed upon inspection. The Pudong Airport shuttle team subsequently conducted a comprehensive review of all vehicles' air conditioning systems.SohuAffected by Typhoon 'White Dolphin': Over a thousand flights canceled, several railway sections suspended, multiple airports in Zhejiang are closed today.Over a thousand flights were canceled and several railway sections suspended across Zhejiang province due to the impact of Typhoon 'White Dolphin'. Spring Airlines issued temporary cancellation notices for numerous inbound and outbound flights on August 9 and 10, affecting routes to domestic and international destinations. Passengers are advised to check flight statuses and utilize online channels for refunds or rescheduling.JiemianSome flights in and out of Spring and Autumn Airlines have been temporarily canceled.Spring Airlines announced on July 24 the temporary cancellation of dozens of flights on July 25-26 due to Typhoon "Hongxia," affecting routes primarily connecting Jieyang with cities across China and one international route to Bangkok. The cancellations include flights from multiple departure points including Ningbo, Hongqiao, Pudong, Shijiazhuang, Changchun, and others heading to Jieyang and Shenzhen, with passengers eligible for involuntary refunds without handling fees.Ifeng10 airlines and 5 online ticketing platforms were interviewed.Consumer association organizations from Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei jointly held an interview on July 24 in Tianjin with 10 Chinese airlines and 5 online ticketing platforms regarding ticket overselling practices in civil aviation. The organizations required all 15 companies to complete self-inspection and rectification by August 31, 2026, and proposed four rectification suggestions covering pre-purchase notification, on-site handling processes, compensation standards, and complaint channels. Spring Airlines was publicly criticized for being unreachable by phone and failing to respond to written communication from the consumer association, with the organizations threatening further legal action against companies that perform poorly in rectification.BusinessLineChina issues red alert for rainstorms as Typhoon Bavi makes landfallTyphoon Bavi made landfall on the coast of Zhejiang Province in eastern China at around 11:20 pm Saturday, bringing maximum wind forces of 40 meters per second. Nearly 2 million people have been evacuated across eastern China as authorities issued a red alert for rainstorms, the highest level in China's four-tier warning system. The storm has caused widespread disruption, including flight cancellations by China Southern Airlines and Spring Airlines, and has prompted emergency responses across multiple provinces including Beijing.