FROB

What FROB does

FROB (Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria — Executive Resolution Authority / Autoridad de Resolución Ejecutiva) is a public law institution created in June 2009 by Royal Decree Law 9/2009 and headquartered in Madrid. It functions as Spain's national executive resolution authority within the European Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), responsible for executing resolution processes of failing credit institutions and investment firms under Law 11/2015 and EU Regulation 806/2014. The entity was transformed in 2015 from its original incarnation as the Fund for Orderly Bank Restructuring into its current regulatory form, and it also implements Single Resolution Board (SRB) decisions for Spanish institutions and manages resolution planning advisory work alongside the preventive authorities Banco de España and CNMV.

FROB's core activities span four operational domains: (1) executing bank resolutions (sale of business, bridge institution, asset separation, bail-in); (2) managing the National Resolution Fund (NRF), a separate asset pool funded by ex-ante contributions from Spanish credit institutions and investment firms (and non-EU branches), including its own 2.5% regulatory fee applied to those contributions; (3) collecting and transferring Spanish institutions' contributions to the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) administered by the SRB; and (4) managing legacy equity stakes taken during the financial crisis, specifically 100% of BFA Tenedora de Acciones S.A.U. (which holds 18.1% of CaixaBank) and a majority 50.14% of Sareb, the Spanish asset management company for restructured bank assets. Underlying technology consists of ENS HIGH-certified information systems supporting resolution execution and e-administration channels such as the electronic office (sede.frob.es) and the Whistleblower Channel under Law 2/2023.

FROB does not pursue a commercial go-to-market motion. Its revenue mechanics are entirely regulatory: a 2.5% fee on annual entity contributions to NRF or SRF, supplemented by Spanish state allocations that have totalled €45.170 billion in equity over time (€42.920 billion from public funds and €2.250 billion from the Deposit Guarantee Fund, the latter liquidated in 2012). Headcount is disclosed in the 1–10 band, and customers in the practical sense consist of (a) Spanish credit institutions and investment firms subject to NRF/SRF contributions and (b) the small number of entities in active or legacy resolution — Catalunya Banc, CEISS, NCG, BFA-Bankia, BMN, Banca Cívica, Banco de Valencia, Liberbank, Caja3, Caja Sur, and the 2017 Banco Popular case. Governance runs through an 11-member Governing Committee representing Banco de España, the Ministry of Economy, the CNMV, and the Ministry of Finance, with the Chair appointed by the Council of Ministers.

Name

FROB

Legal name

FROB – Executive Resolution Authority (Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria)

Website

https://frob.es

Company type

Private

Founded year

2009

Operating status

Operating

Headcount range

1–10 employees

Short description

FROB is the Spanish Executive Resolution Authority managing banking resolution execution within the European Single Resolution Mechanism. It oversees credit institution resolutions, administers the National Resolution Fund, and holds stakes in BFA (CaixaBank) and Sareb.

Ownership category

akta.pro rank

Product category

Banking Resolution and Financial Stability

NAICS

Public Administration (92)

SIC

Federal & Federally-Sponsored Credit Agencies (6111)

akta.pro primary industry

Compliance Technology, GRC Platforms & Controls Automation Advisory (BPAHAFAO)

akta.pro secondary industry

Risk, Controls & Governance (GRC) Platforms (FSAFAOAG)

Keywords

• Banking resolution authority
• Resolution fund management
• Credit institution supervision
• Financial stability regulation
• Bank restructuring

Headquarters

HQ city

Madrid

HQ country

Spain

HQ region

Europe

Offices1 record

Markets served

GTM type

B2B

Offering type

Services

Cost components

Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Technology or R&D, Others

Revenue model

1. Resolution Authority Fee: FROB charges entities a fee for its activities as resolution authority. The fee accrues on 1 January of each year and is calculated by applying a 2.5% tax rate to the tax base, which is the sum that each entity must contribute as an annual ordinary contribution to the National Resolution Fund or Single Resolution Fund. FROB is responsible for management, settlement, and collection of this fee, with income classified as FROB's budgetary income.

Pricing tiers

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels3 records

Marketing channels5 records

Core offering

FROB (Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria) is a Spanish public law institution that acts as the national executive resolution authority within the European Single Resolution Mechanism. It manages the Spanish national resolution fund, collects contributions from credit institutions and investment firms, and executes resolution plans for failing banks.

Product overview

FROB (Executive Resolution Authority) is a public law institution that functions as Spain's national executive resolution authority within the European Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM). Its core offering consists of managing the execution of resolution processes for credit institutions and investment firms, managing the National Resolution Fund, and collecting contributions to the Single Resolution Fund. The organization also provides digital services including an electronic office portal and whistleblower channel. FROB does not offer commercial software products but rather regulatory and administrative functions within the banking union framework.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

• Banking Resolution Management Execution of resolution plans for failing or likely-to-fail credit institutions and investment firms in Spain, including restructuring, sale of business, bridge bank, and asset separation tools.
• National Resolution Fund Management Administration of Spain's national resolution fund, supporting the application of resolution tools and providing funding where needed for bank resolution actions.
• Single Resolution Fund Contributions Collection Collection of annual contributions from Spanish credit institutions and investment firms to fund the Single Resolution Fund administered under the European Single Resolution Mechanism.
• Resolution Planning and Advisory Preparation and review of resolution plans for Spanish credit institutions and investment firms, in coordination with the Single Resolution Board, to ensure resolvability.
• Electronic Office (Sede Electrónica) Digital portal enabling institutions and citizens to interact with FROB, submit documentation, and access administrative procedures.
• Whistleblower Channel (Canal de Denuncias) Confidential reporting channel for raising concerns about irregularities in the financial sector, providing a secure mechanism for whistleblowing.

Named customers10 records

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API

No

API docs

API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Partnerships

Seven partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

• Spanish Securities Market Regulator (CNMV)coreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 18 December 2025Collaboration on the recovery and resolution of investment firms and other areas of cooperation. Agreement signed December 18, 2025, effective until December 19, 2029 with possibility of extension for up to 4 additional years. CNMV is a preventive resolution authority alongside Banco de España.
• Spanish State Legal Service (Abogacía General del Estado)minorImplementation/ SI/ Consulting Partner · 1 July 2024Agreement for advice, legal assistance, procedural representation, and technical-legal defence. Signed July 1, 2024 for 2 years with possibility of extension for up to 2 additional years. Economic obligations: €190,000.
• Fundación SEPIminorOthers · 20 May 2024Agreement for organization and development of a practical training internship programme (2024-2027). Signed May 20, 2024, effective until December 31, 2027 with possibility of extension. Compensation according to published tariffs based on number of interns and months.
• Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España S.A., S.M.E. y M.P. (ISDEFE)minorImplementation/ SI/ Consulting Partner · 12 January 2023Provision of engineering support activities in specification, management, and monitoring of technological projects. Initial agreement January 12, 2023 until January 14, 2025, extended January 13, 2025 for 24 months. Economic obligations: €772,637.78 consumed according to specific needs and applicable tariffs.
• Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Finance, Bank of Spain and CNMVminorStrategic or Co-development Partner · 24 May 2019Collaboration in the representation and defence of the interests of the Kingdom of Spain in international arbitration proceedings (Antonio del Valle Ruiz and others and GMB Global, SACV, Fondo de Inversión de renta variable against the Kingdom of Spain). Initial agreement May 24, 2019, extended June 20, 2023 for 4 years.
• Bank of Spain (Banco de España)coreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 27 November 2017Collaboration agreement on the recovery and resolution of credit institutions. Initial agreement signed November 27, 2017 for 4 years, extended November 26, 2021 for another 4 years. Bank of Spain serves as one of Spain's preventive resolution authorities alongside CNMV.
• Single Resolution Board (SRB)coreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 1 January 2015SRB is the European central authority of the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), responsible for effective functioning of the SRM since January 2015. FROB implements SRB's resolution decisions for entities established in Spain and exercises Spanish representation in SRB's different working groups, including restricted/extended executive sessions and plenary sessions.

Scale indicators8 records

Recent moves8 records

Expansion highlights4 records

Direct peers

• Bundesanstalt für Finanzmarktstabilisierung (FMSA): Germany's federal financial market stabilisation agency, the German national resolution authority within the SRM. Performs parallel resolution execution functions to FROB within the European Banking Union framework.
• Fonds de Garantie des Dépôts et de Résolution (FGDR): French deposit guarantee and resolution fund, the French national resolution authority within the SRM. Performs resolution funding and execution functions analogous to FROB's NRF management and resolution authority role.
• Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD): Italian interbank deposit protection fund that also acts as the Italian national resolution authority under the SRM. Closely mirrors FROB's combined fund management and resolution execution mandate.
• Single Resolution Board (SRB): The central EU authority of the Single Resolution Mechanism, responsible for effective functioning of the SRM since January 2015. FROB implements SRB's resolution decisions in Spain and represents Spain in SRB working groups, making it the most direct counterpart.

Broad incumbents

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): US federal deposit insurance and resolution authority. While operating under different regulatory architecture, FDIC's combined deposit insurance and bank resolution mandate makes it the closest functional analog to FROB globally, though far larger in scope and resources.

Others

• Banco de España: Spanish central bank and one of Spain's preventive resolution authorities under the SRM. Has a binding collaboration agreement with FROB (signed 2017, extended 2021) dividing planning and execution responsibilities in Spanish banking resolution.
• Sareb: Spanish asset management company for bank restructuring assets, majority-owned (50.14%) and controlled by FROB since April 2022. Functions as FROB's primary operating subsidiary for legacy asset disposition with a fixed term ending November 2027.
• Deposit Guarantee Fund (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos): Spanish deposit guarantee fund, historically a capital contributor to FROB at its creation (€2.25B, liquidated 2012). Operates as an adjacent Spanish financial stability institution with overlapping regulatory responsibilities.

Market position

Strengths4 records

Weaknesses4 records

Competitive moat4 records

Key risks5 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

• LinkedInlinkedin.com/company/frob-resolucion

Compliance1 record

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Number of profiles

Profiles6 records

Subsidiaries2 records

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about FROB