Developer docs
API playgroundTry for free, no card

Search company profiles

CGT Catalunya

Full company profile

uuid0044beb

Namestring
CGT Catalunya
Legal namestring
Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1930
Descriptiontext

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is a Catalan labor union confederation affiliated with the national CGT federation and rooted in the historic CNT-AIT anarcho-syndicalist tradition tracing back to 1930 (with cultural lineage to the 1936 Social Revolution). Headquartered at C/ Burgos 59, Baixos in Barcelona, the organization is a non-profit association funded exclusively through membership dues (subscription recurring revenue) collected from affiliated workers across Catalonia. It serves workers in all sectors and industries, with secondary service to unemployed workers, immigrants, and other vulnerable populations, operating through 21 territorial federations covering every Catalan county (comarca) and workplace union sections in companies across healthcare, manufacturing, IT, utilities, and other verticals. Documented worksite representation includes Grifols (9 of 23 committee seats at Instituto Grifols), Panrico, Hewlett-Packard (where CGT led a nationwide strike affecting 2,100 workers), ATLL Concessionària, and Derbi/Piaggio.

Its core offerings combine traditional union services (collective bargaining, strike organization, legal advice, occupational health guidance) with a digital resource suite delivered through a WordPress-based platform. The product portfolio includes the Guia d'Autodefensa Laboral self-defense handbook, the Calculadora de Poder Adquisitiu purchasing-power comparison tool, the Formació CGT training platform at formaciocgt.cat, the Revista Catalunya publication, the Vademècum de la Secció Sindical CGT handbook for union delegates, and a library of labor and legal guides. There are no proprietary technology features, APIs, or AI/ML capabilities disclosed. Reach is amplified through a partner ecosystem that includes the PAH housing platform, Assemblea Llibertària del Vallès Oriental, Indymedia Barcelona, and a network of community radio stations (Ràdio Trama, Ràdio Kaos, Ràdio Contrabanda). The organization is led by a Secretariat Permanent comprising Secretary General Ermengol Gassiot plus Secretaries for Union Action, Occupational Health, and Communication.

Short descriptiontext

CGT Catalunya is a Barcelona-headquartered anarcho-syndicalist trade union confederation funded by membership dues, providing collective bargaining, strike organization, and labor rights advocacy to workers across all 21 Catalan counties through 21 territorial federations and a digital resource suite.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
1–10
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersBarcelona, Spain
HQ citystring
Barcelona
HQ countrystring
Spain
HQ regionstring
Europe
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
labor union representation, collective bargaining services, workers rights advocacy, union training programs, occupational health services
NAICS code1 code
  • Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations813930
SIC code1 code
  • Services-Membership Organizations8600
Product category
Labor Union Services
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Union Membership Dues
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

CGT Catalunya operates as a labor union funded primarily through membership dues collected from affiliated workers across Catalonia.

cgtcatalunya.cat
Marketing channels7 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels1 record

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components3 values
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales
GTM typeB2C
B2C
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 record
1CGT
Description

Main trade union confederation brand operating throughout Catalonia

cgtcatalunya.cat
Core offering1 text field

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is an anarcho-syndicalist labor union confederation that provides worker representation, collective bargaining, strike organization, legal advice, occupational health guidance, training programs, and social services to affiliated workers across Catalonia. The organization offers union representation through territorial federations and workplace sections, supported by publications, online tools, and educational resources.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 3 values shown
  • Led 8-month indefinite strike at Panrico, one of the longest strikes in recent Spanish labor history
+2 more records
Product overview1 text field

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is a libertarian-anarchosyndicalist trade union offering a suite of information resources, tools, and services for workers. Its digital presence is centered on the cgtcatalunya.cat portal, which provides access to a network of products including practical labor self-defense guides (Guia d'Autodefensa Laboral), an interactive purchasing power calculator (Calculadora de Poder Adquisitiu), a dedicated training platform (Formació CGT at formaciocgt.cat), the independent publication Revista Catalunya, a union section handbook (Vademècum de la Secció Sindical), and a library of labor and legal guides. These offerings are oriented toward labor organization, workers' rights education, and social action — not a commercial SaaS or technology platform.

Product and service6 records
1Formació CGT (Training Platform)
CategoryTraining and Education
Description

A training platform providing courses, calendars, a digital library, and a newsletter for union education on labor and social topics. Targeted at union members, delegates, and activists seeking professional development and organizing skills.

2Assesoria Jurídica (Legal Advisory Service)
CategoryLegal Services
Description

Legal advice and assistance service for union members covering labor law, individual rights, collective disputes, and workplace conflicts. Available to affiliated workers across Catalonia through the confederation's legal department.

3Revista Catalunya
4Guia d'Autodefensa Laboral (Labor Self-Defense Guide)
CategoryPublication / Resource
Description

A practical guide published by CGT to help workers defend their labor rights, combat precariousness, and navigate workplace conflicts. Distributed to workers across Catalonia as a resource for self-advocacy.

5Calculadora de Poder Adquisitiu (Purchasing Power Calculator)
CategoryDigital Tool
Description

An interactive calculator that allows workers to compare their gross salary across years and measure purchasing power loss due to inflation. Provided as a public online tool via the CGT Catalunya website.

6Vademècum de la Secció Sindical CGT
CategoryPublication / Resource
Description

A handbook guiding union representatives on how to organize and operate a CGT union section in the workplace. Used by workplace delegates and union section leaders across Catalonia.

Scale indicator2 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership11 partners
1CNT-AIT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo)
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

CNT-AIT is the national anarchist-syndicalist union federation to which CGT Catalunya is affiliated, sharing ideological foundations and coordinating labor actions at state and international levels.

cgtcatalunya.cat
2Fundació Salvador Seguí
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Historical foundation related to the CNT-AIT tradition, focused on preserving labor history and libertarian culture. CGT Catalunya maintains a dedicated section on their website linking to this foundation.

cgtcatalunya.cat
Strategic tierCoreTypeOthers
Description

Labor union magazine published by CGT Catalunya covering labor struggles, social issues, and political analysis. Available at revistacatalunya.cat

4Ràdio Trama
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Independent community radio station, part of the self-managed information network linked to CGT.

cgtcatalunya.cat
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Independent community radio station affiliated with CGT's self-managed information ecosystem.

6Ràdio Contrabanda 91.4
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Free radio station broadcasting at 91.4 FM, linked to CGT's network of self-managed media.

cgtcatalunya.cat
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Independent cooperative newspaper listed among CGT's self-managed information resources.

8La Haine
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Independent digital media outlet focused on social movements and labor struggles, part of CGT's information network.

cgtcatalunya.cat
9Assemblea Llibertària del Vallès Oriental
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Libertarian assembly in Vallès Oriental county that works closely with CGT on joint labor and social actions, mutual aid initiatives, and anti-repression work.

cgtcatalunya.cat
10PAH (Plataforma d'Afectats per la Hipoteca)
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Anti-eviction platform fighting for housing rights. CGT and PAH share organizing spaces and support mutual campaigns against foreclosures and housing precarity.

cgtcatalunya.cat
1115M Movement / Indymedia Barcelona
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Grassroots social movement network including Barcelona Indymedia (barcelona.indymedia.org), a platform for decentralized, self-managed news and coordination of social struggles.

cgtcatalunya.cat
Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight4 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeRegional player
Description

Intersindical Valenciana is a regional alternative union serving the Valencian Country with a left-nationalist profile structurally analogous to CGT Catalunya's positioning in Catalonia.

2COS (Coordinadora Obrera Sindical)
TypeDirect peer
Description

COS is another Spanish alternative union with an assembly-based, class-struggle orientation; it competes with CGT for dissident workers disillusioned with mainstream CCOO/UGT representation.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Unión General de Trabajadores' Catalan federation is the second pillar of mainstream Spanish unionism in Catalonia, offering the same core service (collective bargaining, workplace representation) as CGT but with greater institutional access and resources.

4ELA (Eusko Langileen Alkartasuna)
TypeDirect peer
Description

ELA is the dominant Basque sovereigntist union with a confrontational, class-struggle profile similar to CGT; both pursue workplace militancy and regional identity politics, providing a comparable alternative-union model outside Catalonia.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Comisiones Obreras' Catalan federation is the largest union in Catalonia and competes directly with CGT for worker representation, works council seats, and collective bargaining influence across the same sectors and territories.

TypeDirect peer
Description

CNT is CGT Catalunya's national anarcho-syndicalist parent confederation; they share ideology, members, and organizing traditions, and coordinate on national campaigns while CGT operates autonomously within Catalonia.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

USO is a third, smaller nationwide Spanish union with a more moderate profile; it competes for the same representation slots as CGT but with greater institutional access and a less confrontational style.

TypeDirect peer
Description

The Spanish-wide CGT federation coordinates regional CGT sections including CGT Catalunya; structurally and ideologically it is the closest peer, sharing statutes, branding, and training resources.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Intersindical-CSC is a Catalan nationalist trade union competing for the same worker base as CGT in Catalonia, with a distinct pro-independence positioning that overlaps with CGT's radical, grassroots identity.

10LAB (Langile Abertzalen Batzordeak)
TypeDirect peer
Description

LAB is a Basque independentist, radical union whose strategic posture — direct action, sovereignty-aligned organizing, anti-capitalist identity — closely mirrors CGT Catalunya's positioning in Catalonia.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers5 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile3 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles4 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

CGT Catalunya

Labor Union Servicescgtcatalunya.cat

CGT Catalunya is a Barcelona-headquartered anarcho-syndicalist trade union confederation funded by membership dues, providing collective bargaining, strike organization, and labor rights advocacy to workers across all 21 Catalan counties through 21 territorial federations and a digital resource suite.

What CGT Catalunya does

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is a Catalan labor union confederation affiliated with the national CGT federation and rooted in the historic CNT-AIT anarcho-syndicalist tradition tracing back to 1930 (with cultural lineage to the 1936 Social Revolution). Headquartered at C/ Burgos 59, Baixos in Barcelona, the organization is a non-profit association funded exclusively through membership dues (subscription recurring revenue) collected from affiliated workers across Catalonia. It serves workers in all sectors and industries, with secondary service to unemployed workers, immigrants, and other vulnerable populations, operating through 21 territorial federations covering every Catalan county (comarca) and workplace union sections in companies across healthcare, manufacturing, IT, utilities, and other verticals. Documented worksite representation includes Grifols (9 of 23 committee seats at Instituto Grifols), Panrico, Hewlett-Packard (where CGT led a nationwide strike affecting 2,100 workers), ATLL Concessionària, and Derbi/Piaggio.

Its core offerings combine traditional union services (collective bargaining, strike organization, legal advice, occupational health guidance) with a digital resource suite delivered through a WordPress-based platform. The product portfolio includes the Guia d'Autodefensa Laboral self-defense handbook, the Calculadora de Poder Adquisitiu purchasing-power comparison tool, the Formació CGT training platform at formaciocgt.cat, the Revista Catalunya publication, the Vademècum de la Secció Sindical CGT handbook for union delegates, and a library of labor and legal guides. There are no proprietary technology features, APIs, or AI/ML capabilities disclosed. Reach is amplified through a partner ecosystem that includes the PAH housing platform, Assemblea Llibertària del Vallès Oriental, Indymedia Barcelona, and a network of community radio stations (Ràdio Trama, Ràdio Kaos, Ràdio Contrabanda). The organization is led by a Secretariat Permanent comprising Secretary General Ermengol Gassiot plus Secretaries for Union Action, Occupational Health, and Communication.

CGT Catalunya firmographics

Firmographics
Name
CGT Catalunya
Legal name
Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya
Website
https://cgtcatalunya.cat
Company type
Private
Founded year
1930
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
1–10 employees
Short description
CGT Catalunya is a Barcelona-headquartered anarcho-syndicalist trade union confederation funded by membership dues, providing collective bargaining, strike organization, and labor rights advocacy to workers across all 21 Catalan counties through 21 territorial federations and a digital resource suite.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where CGT Catalunya is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Barcelona
HQ country
Spain
HQ region
Europe

Offices1 record

Markets served

CGT Catalunya business model

Business model
GTM type
B2C
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales

Revenue model

  1. Union Membership Dues: CGT Catalunya operates as a labor union funded primarily through membership dues collected from affiliated workers across Catalonia.

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels1 record

Marketing channels7 records

CGT Catalunya product offering

Product offering

Core offering

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is an anarcho-syndicalist labor union confederation that provides worker representation, collective bargaining, strike organization, legal advice, occupational health guidance, training programs, and social services to affiliated workers across Catalonia. The organization offers union representation through territorial federations and workplace sections, supported by publications, online tools, and educational resources.

Product overview

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is a libertarian-anarchosyndicalist trade union offering a suite of information resources, tools, and services for workers. Its digital presence is centered on the cgtcatalunya.cat portal, which provides access to a network of products including practical labor self-defense guides (Guia d'Autodefensa Laboral), an interactive purchasing power calculator (Calculadora de Poder Adquisitiu), a dedicated training platform (Formació CGT at formaciocgt.cat), the independent publication Revista Catalunya, a union section handbook (Vademècum de la Secció Sindical), and a library of labor and legal guides. These offerings are oriented toward labor organization, workers' rights education, and social action — not a commercial SaaS or technology platform.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • CGT: Main trade union confederation brand operating throughout Catalonia

Products and services

  • Formació CGT (Training Platform) A training platform providing courses, calendars, a digital library, and a newsletter for union education on labor and social topics. Targeted at union members, delegates, and activists seeking professional development and organizing skills.
  • Assesoria Jurídica (Legal Advisory Service) Legal advice and assistance service for union members covering labor law, individual rights, collective disputes, and workplace conflicts. Available to affiliated workers across Catalonia through the confederation's legal department.
  • Revista Catalunya
  • Guia d'Autodefensa Laboral (Labor Self-Defense Guide) A practical guide published by CGT to help workers defend their labor rights, combat precariousness, and navigate workplace conflicts. Distributed to workers across Catalonia as a resource for self-advocacy.
  • Calculadora de Poder Adquisitiu (Purchasing Power Calculator) An interactive calculator that allows workers to compare their gross salary across years and measure purchasing power loss due to inflation. Provided as a public online tool via the CGT Catalunya website.
  • Vademècum de la Secció Sindical CGT A handbook guiding union representatives on how to organize and operate a CGT union section in the workplace. Used by workplace delegates and union section leaders across Catalonia.

Quantifiable outcome

  • Led 8-month indefinite strike at Panrico, one of the longest strikes in recent Spanish labor history
  • +2 more outcomes

Companies that use CGT Catalunya

Customer profile

Named customers5 records

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

CGT Catalunya technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

CGT Catalunya partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Eleven partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

  • CNT-AIT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo)coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerCNT-AIT is the national anarchist-syndicalist union federation to which CGT Catalunya is affiliated, sharing ideological foundations and coordinating labor actions at state and international levels.
  • Fundació Salvador SeguícoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerHistorical foundation related to the CNT-AIT tradition, focused on preserving labor history and libertarian culture. CGT Catalunya maintains a dedicated section on their website linking to this foundation.
  • Revista CatalunyacoreOthersLabor union magazine published by CGT Catalunya covering labor struggles, social issues, and political analysis. Available at revistacatalunya.cat
  • Ràdio TramaminorOthersIndependent community radio station, part of the self-managed information network linked to CGT.
  • Ràdio KaosminorOthersIndependent community radio station affiliated with CGT's self-managed information ecosystem.
  • Ràdio Contrabanda 91.4minorOthersFree radio station broadcasting at 91.4 FM, linked to CGT's network of self-managed media.
  • Directa (Independent Newspaper)minorOthersIndependent cooperative newspaper listed among CGT's self-managed information resources.
  • La HaineminorOthersIndependent digital media outlet focused on social movements and labor struggles, part of CGT's information network.
  • Assemblea Llibertària del Vallès OrientalcoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerLibertarian assembly in Vallès Oriental county that works closely with CGT on joint labor and social actions, mutual aid initiatives, and anti-repression work.
  • PAH (Plataforma d'Afectats per la Hipoteca)coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnti-eviction platform fighting for housing rights. CGT and PAH share organizing spaces and support mutual campaigns against foreclosures and housing precarity.
  • 15M Movement / Indymedia BarcelonacoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerGrassroots social movement network including Barcelona Indymedia (barcelona.indymedia.org), a platform for decentralized, self-managed news and coordination of social struggles.

Scale indicators2 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights4 records

CGT Catalunya competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Regional players

  • Intersindical Valenciana: Intersindical Valenciana is a regional alternative union serving the Valencian Country with a left-nationalist profile structurally analogous to CGT Catalunya's positioning in Catalonia.

Direct peers

  • COS (Coordinadora Obrera Sindical): COS is another Spanish alternative union with an assembly-based, class-struggle orientation; it competes with CGT for dissident workers disillusioned with mainstream CCOO/UGT representation.
  • UGT de Catalunya: Unión General de Trabajadores' Catalan federation is the second pillar of mainstream Spanish unionism in Catalonia, offering the same core service (collective bargaining, workplace representation) as CGT but with greater institutional access and resources.
  • ELA (Eusko Langileen Alkartasuna): ELA is the dominant Basque sovereigntist union with a confrontational, class-struggle profile similar to CGT; both pursue workplace militancy and regional identity politics, providing a comparable alternative-union model outside Catalonia.
  • CCOO de Catalunya: Comisiones Obreras' Catalan federation is the largest union in Catalonia and competes directly with CGT for worker representation, works council seats, and collective bargaining influence across the same sectors and territories.
  • CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo): CNT is CGT Catalunya's national anarcho-syndicalist parent confederation; they share ideology, members, and organizing traditions, and coordinate on national campaigns while CGT operates autonomously within Catalonia.
  • CGT Federación Estatal: The Spanish-wide CGT federation coordinates regional CGT sections including CGT Catalunya; structurally and ideologically it is the closest peer, sharing statutes, branding, and training resources.
  • Intersindical-CSC: Intersindical-CSC is a Catalan nationalist trade union competing for the same worker base as CGT in Catalonia, with a distinct pro-independence positioning that overlaps with CGT's radical, grassroots identity.
  • LAB (Langile Abertzalen Batzordeak): LAB is a Basque independentist, radical union whose strategic posture — direct action, sovereignty-aligned organizing, anti-capitalist identity — closely mirrors CGT Catalunya's positioning in Catalonia.

Broad incumbents

  • USO (Unión Sindical Obrera): USO is a third, smaller nationwide Spanish union with a more moderate profile; it competes for the same representation slots as CGT but with greater institutional access and a less confrontational style.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

CGT Catalunya social profiles

Digital presence

CGT Catalunya financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

CGT Catalunya leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles4 records

CGT Catalunya funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

CGT Catalunya M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about CGT Catalunya

What does CGT Catalunya do?

CGT Catalunya (Confederació General del Treball de Catalunya) is an anarcho-syndicalist labor union confederation that provides worker representation, collective bargaining, strike organization, legal advice, occupational health guidance, training programs, and social services to affiliated workers across Catalonia. The organization offers union representation through territorial federations and workplace sections, supported by publications, online tools, and educational resources.

Is CGT Catalunya a public or private company?

CGT Catalunya is a private company. It is classified as nonprofit foundation owned and is currently operating.

When was CGT Catalunya founded?

CGT Catalunya was founded in 1930. It employs 1 to 10 people.

Where is CGT Catalunya based?

CGT Catalunya is headquartered in Barcelona, Spain, in the Europe region.

How does CGT Catalunya make money?

One revenue line is on record: union Membership Dues.

Who are CGT Catalunya's main competitors?

Intersindical Valenciana is listed as a regional player. Direct peers are COS (Coordinadora Obrera Sindical), UGT de Catalunya, ELA (Eusko Langileen Alkartasuna), CCOO de Catalunya, CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo), CGT Federación Estatal, Intersindical-CSC and LAB (Langile Abertzalen Batzordeak). USO (Unión Sindical Obrera) is listed as a broad incumbent.

Does CGT Catalunya have an API?

No public API is recorded for CGT Catalunya.

Unlock the full company data

50 free credits on sign-up, no credit card required.

Contact sales
Live signals