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US-Qatar Business Council

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uuid005jga9

Namestring
US-Qatar Business Council
Legal namestring
US-Qatar Business Council
Websiteurl
usqbc.org
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1972
Descriptiontext

The US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit, private sector organization that serves as the primary bilateral forum for trade and investment between the United States and the State of Qatar. Founded to support a 50+ year US-Qatar strategic partnership (firmographic founding 1996; bilateral diplomatic relations from 1972), it convenes American and Qatari companies through tiered annual memberships — Oryx (formerly Founding), Falcon (formerly Executive), and Dhow — and through events, delegation visits, and regional activations such as the SelectLA Investment Summit. Its roughly 13-person staff supports authentication services, market intelligence publications (50 Years of Partnership, 1001 Stars Qatar 2025, Qatar Sustainability Report), and bilateral advocacy spanning energy, aerospace and defense, financial services, and technology sectors.

The organization's core technological asset is the USQBC Business Portal, a web-based platform covering every US state and the Qatar market. The portal packages the Qatar Starter Kit and US Starter Kit, business guides, curated market data, and member resources as the first step for companies exploring cross-border activity between the two countries. Technology is positioned as an enablement layer over an otherwise relationship-driven service: no API, SDK, MCP, or AI/ML components are disclosed, and product differentiation rests on the uniqueness of the curated bilateral coverage rather than on proprietary software capability.

USQBC's commercial engine is recurring annual membership dues across the three tiers, supplemented by authentication fees, event sponsorship (e.g., Visit Qatar, Excelerate Energy), and publication distribution. The publicly visible member roster of roughly 30+ named multinationals — including ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, QatarEnergy, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, RTX, Palantir, Visa, MetLife, Qatar National Bank, and the Investment Promotion Agency Qatar — anchors the revenue base. Customer segments span American companies seeking Qatar market entry, Qatari entities investing in the US, and government stakeholders on both sides; the council frames its value proposition around a $185 billion bilateral business relationship, 850+ US companies operating in Qatar, and $11.5B in 2024 US-Qatar trade.

Short descriptiontext

The US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit membership organization that facilitates trade and investment between the United States and Qatar through tiered memberships, the USQBC Business Portal, and events for enterprise members across energy, aerospace, finance, and technology.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
11–50
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersWashington, United States
HQ citystring
Washington
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
bilateral trade facilitation, business council services, trade association memberships, US-Qatar investment promotion, market entry advisory
Industry2 codes
1Technical Committees, Working Groups & Expert Panels
CodeBPADANABPrimaryYes
2Meeting & Conference Planning & Coordination
CodeHSACADAAPrimaryNo
NAICS code1 code
  • Professional Organizations81392
SIC code2 codes
  • Services-Membership Organizations8600
  • International Affairs9721
Product category
Trade Association Services
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Membership Fees
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

As a non-profit private sector organization, USQBC generates revenue through membership fees at various tiers (Oryx, Falcon, and Dhow members). Membership provides access to advisory services, networking opportunities, and business facilitation between US and Qatar.

usqbc.org
Marketing channels6 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components3 values
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales
Pricing details1 tier
1Tiered membership structure with Oryx (Founding), Falcon (Executive), and Dhow levels
ModelSubscriptionBilling cadenceAnnual
Notes

Membership details not publicly disclosed

usqbc.org
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 record
1USQBC Business Portal
Description

A one-of-a-kind platform covering every US state and the Qatar market to help companies do business between the two countries.

usqbc.org
Core offering1 text field

US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a non-profit trade association that facilitates US-Qatar bilateral business by offering paid corporate memberships, market-entry toolkits (a Qatar Starter Kit and a US Starter Kit), a digital Business Portal for member resources, authentication services (including letters of invitation) to support business travel, and networking/engagement events for member firms. Its deliverables are advisory, facilitation, and convening services rather than physical goods or software products.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 3 values shown
  • 850+ US companies facilitated in Qatar market
+2 more records
Product overview1 text field

The US-Qatar Business Council operates as a non-profit organization providing a unified platform and suite of services for US-Qatar bilateral business engagement. Its core offering is the USQBC Business Portal, complemented by educational resources (Qatar Starter Kit and US Starter Kit), membership and advisory services, authentication services, and networking/events programs. The organization connects American companies with the Qatar market and facilitates trade and investment between the two countries.

Product and service5 records
1Corporate Membership
CategoryMembership Services
Description

Tiered paid corporate membership (Oryx, Falcon, Dhow tiers) that gives companies access to USQBC's Business Portal, networking events, research, and government/stakeholder facilitation. Designed for multinational firms with US-Qatar commercial interests.

2Business Portal
CategoryDigital Resource Platform
Description

Online member portal that hosts USQBC's resources, market intelligence, and member-only content for corporate members conducting US-Qatar business.

3Qatar Starter Kit
CategoryMarket Entry Advisory
Description

Information toolkit that orients US companies to the Qatari market, providing entry-level guidance for firms seeking to establish or expand a Qatar presence.

4US Starter Kit
CategoryMarket Entry Advisory
Description

Information toolkit that orients Qatari companies to the US market, providing entry-level guidance for firms seeking to establish or expand a US presence.

5Authentication Services
CategoryMember Support Services
Description

Service for member companies that supports document authentication (e.g., letters of invitation) used to facilitate business travel and administrative processes between the US and Qatar.

Scale indicator8 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership4 partners
Strategic tierKey PartnerTypeGTM or Marketing PartnerAnnounced on2026-05-13
Description

Visit Qatar is a key partner and event sponsor for USQBC activities. They co-sponsored the Los Angeles Business Reception alongside Excelerate Energy, supporting USQBC's mission and enabling impactful engagements that advance US-Qatar economic ties.

Strategic tierKey PartnerTypeGTM or Marketing PartnerAnnounced on2026-05-13
Description

Excelerate Energy is an Oryx Member (formerly Founding member) and event sponsor for USQBC. They support USQBC's mission and participate in engagements such as the Los Angeles Business Reception on the sidelines of SelectLA.

3SelectUSA Investment Summit
Strategic tierKey PartnerTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

USQBC participates in SelectLA, a regional activation of the SelectUSA Investment Summit, one of the largest regional business development events. This partnership brings together senior executives, state and city representatives, and international partners.

usqbc.org
4SelectLA
Strategic tierKey PartnerTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

SelectLA is the largest regional activation of SelectUSA Investment Summit on the West Coast. USQBC hosts business receptions on the sidelines of SelectLA to showcase investment opportunities and advance US-Qatar economic dialogue.

usqbc.org
Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

Bilateral business council under the US Chamber of Commerce focused on US-India commercial engagement. Similar tiered membership, C-suite events, and policy advocacy model, though at materially larger scale.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Western Hemisphere-focused business and policy organization with similar membership model and convening role. Comparable in mission of connecting corporate leaders with cross-border opportunities and policy dialogue.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Largest US business federation, host of SelectUSA and many bilateral sub-councils including US-India Business Council. Operates much broader portfolio but competes for the same enterprise membership wallet and convening mindshare.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Bilateral membership organization facilitating trade and investment between US and UAE companies. Highly comparable in mandate, tiered membership structure, and Washington, DC location; both serve as the primary private-sector bridge for Gulf-state business engagement with US corporates.

TypeOthers
Description

Global business organization with comparable membership, trade-facilitation, and document authentication services (including ATA Carnets). Adjacent rather than directly competitive, but competes for the same corporate international-affairs budgets.

6British-Qatari Business Council
TypeDirect peer
Description

UK counterpart to USQBC promoting UK-Qatar trade and investment with comparable mission, events, and member-driven structure. Direct substitute service offering for Qatari firms evaluating Western markets.

7National Council of US-Arab Chambers of Commerce
TypeDirect peer
Description

Umbrella body for bilateral US-Arab chambers of commerce, with very similar mission of facilitating US-Middle East business ties. Comparable member base, event programming, and authentication/advocacy services for cross-border deal flow.

TypeRegional player
Description

Qatar's principal domestic chamber representing Qatari private-sector firms. USQBC's natural counterpart for outbound Qatari investment and partnership development, with overlapping event and matchmaking programming.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Bilateral private-sector council promoting US-Saudi trade and investment, headquartered in Washington and Houston. Near-identical operating model to USQBC with energy-major members and similar convening role.

TypeRegional player
Description

The American Chamber of Commerce in Qatar serves the same member community on the ground in Doha. Operates as an in-country counterpart to USQBC's Washington-based activities, with overlapping membership and complementary event services.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers32 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile1 record

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature1 record

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles2 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

US-Qatar Business Council

Trade Association Servicesusqbc.org

The US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit membership organization that facilitates trade and investment between the United States and Qatar through tiered memberships, the USQBC Business Portal, and events for enterprise members across energy, aerospace, finance, and technology.

What US-Qatar Business Council does

The US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit, private sector organization that serves as the primary bilateral forum for trade and investment between the United States and the State of Qatar. Founded to support a 50+ year US-Qatar strategic partnership (firmographic founding 1996; bilateral diplomatic relations from 1972), it convenes American and Qatari companies through tiered annual memberships — Oryx (formerly Founding), Falcon (formerly Executive), and Dhow — and through events, delegation visits, and regional activations such as the SelectLA Investment Summit. Its roughly 13-person staff supports authentication services, market intelligence publications (50 Years of Partnership, 1001 Stars Qatar 2025, Qatar Sustainability Report), and bilateral advocacy spanning energy, aerospace and defense, financial services, and technology sectors.

The organization's core technological asset is the USQBC Business Portal, a web-based platform covering every US state and the Qatar market. The portal packages the Qatar Starter Kit and US Starter Kit, business guides, curated market data, and member resources as the first step for companies exploring cross-border activity between the two countries. Technology is positioned as an enablement layer over an otherwise relationship-driven service: no API, SDK, MCP, or AI/ML components are disclosed, and product differentiation rests on the uniqueness of the curated bilateral coverage rather than on proprietary software capability.

USQBC's commercial engine is recurring annual membership dues across the three tiers, supplemented by authentication fees, event sponsorship (e.g., Visit Qatar, Excelerate Energy), and publication distribution. The publicly visible member roster of roughly 30+ named multinationals — including ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, QatarEnergy, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, RTX, Palantir, Visa, MetLife, Qatar National Bank, and the Investment Promotion Agency Qatar — anchors the revenue base. Customer segments span American companies seeking Qatar market entry, Qatari entities investing in the US, and government stakeholders on both sides; the council frames its value proposition around a $185 billion bilateral business relationship, 850+ US companies operating in Qatar, and $11.5B in 2024 US-Qatar trade.

US-Qatar Business Council firmographics

Firmographics
Name
US-Qatar Business Council
Legal name
US-Qatar Business Council
Website
https://usqbc.org
Company type
Private
Founded year
1972
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
11–50 employees
Short description
The US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit membership organization that facilitates trade and investment between the United States and Qatar through tiered memberships, the USQBC Business Portal, and events for enterprise members across energy, aerospace, finance, and technology.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

US-Qatar Business Council industry classification

Industry
Product category
Trade Association Services
NAICS
Professional Organizations (81392)
SIC
Services-Membership Organizations (8600), International Affairs (9721)
akta.pro primary industry
Technical Committees, Working Groups & Expert Panels (BPADANAB)
akta.pro secondary industry
Meeting & Conference Planning & Coordination (HSACADAA)

Keywords

  • Bilateral trade facilitation
  • Business council services
  • Trade association memberships
  • US-Qatar investment promotion
  • Market entry advisory

Where US-Qatar Business Council is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Washington
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices1 record

Markets served

US-Qatar Business Council business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales

Revenue model

  1. Membership Fees: As a non-profit private sector organization, USQBC generates revenue through membership fees at various tiers (Oryx, Falcon, and Dhow members). Membership provides access to advisory services, networking opportunities, and business facilitation between US and Qatar.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
SubscriptionAnnualTiered membership structure with Oryx (Founding), Falcon (Executive), and Dhow levels

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels4 records

Marketing channels6 records

US-Qatar Business Council product offering

Product offering

Core offering

US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a non-profit trade association that facilitates US-Qatar bilateral business by offering paid corporate memberships, market-entry toolkits (a Qatar Starter Kit and a US Starter Kit), a digital Business Portal for member resources, authentication services (including letters of invitation) to support business travel, and networking/engagement events for member firms. Its deliverables are advisory, facilitation, and convening services rather than physical goods or software products.

Product overview

The US-Qatar Business Council operates as a non-profit organization providing a unified platform and suite of services for US-Qatar bilateral business engagement. Its core offering is the USQBC Business Portal, complemented by educational resources (Qatar Starter Kit and US Starter Kit), membership and advisory services, authentication services, and networking/events programs. The organization connects American companies with the Qatar market and facilitates trade and investment between the two countries.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • USQBC Business Portal: A one-of-a-kind platform covering every US state and the Qatar market to help companies do business between the two countries.

Products and services

  • Corporate Membership Tiered paid corporate membership (Oryx, Falcon, Dhow tiers) that gives companies access to USQBC's Business Portal, networking events, research, and government/stakeholder facilitation. Designed for multinational firms with US-Qatar commercial interests.
  • Business Portal Online member portal that hosts USQBC's resources, market intelligence, and member-only content for corporate members conducting US-Qatar business.
  • Qatar Starter Kit Information toolkit that orients US companies to the Qatari market, providing entry-level guidance for firms seeking to establish or expand a Qatar presence.
  • US Starter Kit Information toolkit that orients Qatari companies to the US market, providing entry-level guidance for firms seeking to establish or expand a US presence.
  • Authentication Services Service for member companies that supports document authentication (e.g., letters of invitation) used to facilitate business travel and administrative processes between the US and Qatar.

Quantifiable outcome

  • 850+ US companies facilitated in Qatar market
  • +2 more outcomes

Companies that use US-Qatar Business Council

Customer profile

Named customers32 records

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles1 record

US-Qatar Business Council technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature1 record

US-Qatar Business Council partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Four partnerships are on record, tiered key partner.

  • Visit Qatarkey partnerGTM or Marketing Partner · 13 May 2026Visit Qatar is a key partner and event sponsor for USQBC activities. They co-sponsored the Los Angeles Business Reception alongside Excelerate Energy, supporting USQBC's mission and enabling impactful engagements that advance US-Qatar economic ties.
  • Excelerate Energykey partnerGTM or Marketing Partner · 13 May 2026Excelerate Energy is an Oryx Member (formerly Founding member) and event sponsor for USQBC. They support USQBC's mission and participate in engagements such as the Los Angeles Business Reception on the sidelines of SelectLA.
  • SelectUSA Investment Summitkey partnerStrategic or Co-development PartnerUSQBC participates in SelectLA, a regional activation of the SelectUSA Investment Summit, one of the largest regional business development events. This partnership brings together senior executives, state and city representatives, and international partners.
  • SelectLAkey partnerStrategic or Co-development PartnerSelectLA is the largest regional activation of SelectUSA Investment Summit on the West Coast. USQBC hosts business receptions on the sidelines of SelectLA to showcase investment opportunities and advance US-Qatar economic dialogue.

Scale indicators8 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

US-Qatar Business Council competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • US-India Business Council: Bilateral business council under the US Chamber of Commerce focused on US-India commercial engagement. Similar tiered membership, C-suite events, and policy advocacy model, though at materially larger scale.
  • US-UAE Business Council: Bilateral membership organization facilitating trade and investment between US and UAE companies. Highly comparable in mandate, tiered membership structure, and Washington, DC location; both serve as the primary private-sector bridge for Gulf-state business engagement with US corporates.
  • British-Qatari Business Council: UK counterpart to USQBC promoting UK-Qatar trade and investment with comparable mission, events, and member-driven structure. Direct substitute service offering for Qatari firms evaluating Western markets.
  • National Council of US-Arab Chambers of Commerce: Umbrella body for bilateral US-Arab chambers of commerce, with very similar mission of facilitating US-Middle East business ties. Comparable member base, event programming, and authentication/advocacy services for cross-border deal flow.
  • US-Saudi Arabian Business Council: Bilateral private-sector council promoting US-Saudi trade and investment, headquartered in Washington and Houston. Near-identical operating model to USQBC with energy-major members and similar convening role.

Broad incumbents

  • Council of the Americas: Western Hemisphere-focused business and policy organization with similar membership model and convening role. Comparable in mission of connecting corporate leaders with cross-border opportunities and policy dialogue.
  • U.S. Chamber of Commerce: Largest US business federation, host of SelectUSA and many bilateral sub-councils including US-India Business Council. Operates much broader portfolio but competes for the same enterprise membership wallet and convening mindshare.

Others

  • International Chamber of Commerce: Global business organization with comparable membership, trade-facilitation, and document authentication services (including ATA Carnets). Adjacent rather than directly competitive, but competes for the same corporate international-affairs budgets.

Regional players

  • Qatar Chamber of Commerce: Qatar's principal domestic chamber representing Qatari private-sector firms. USQBC's natural counterpart for outbound Qatari investment and partnership development, with overlapping event and matchmaking programming.
  • AmCham Qatar: The American Chamber of Commerce in Qatar serves the same member community on the ground in Doha. Operates as an in-country counterpart to USQBC's Washington-based activities, with overlapping membership and complementary event services.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

US-Qatar Business Council social profiles

Digital presence

US-Qatar Business Council financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

US-Qatar Business Council leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles2 records

US-Qatar Business Council funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

US-Qatar Business Council M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about US-Qatar Business Council

What does US-Qatar Business Council do?

US-Qatar Business Council (USQBC) is a non-profit trade association that facilitates US-Qatar bilateral business by offering paid corporate memberships, market-entry toolkits (a Qatar Starter Kit and a US Starter Kit), a digital Business Portal for member resources, authentication services (including letters of invitation) to support business travel, and networking/engagement events for member firms. Its deliverables are advisory, facilitation, and convening services rather than physical goods or software products.

Is US-Qatar Business Council a public or private company?

US-Qatar Business Council is a private company. It is classified as nonprofit foundation owned and is currently operating.

When was US-Qatar Business Council founded?

US-Qatar Business Council was founded in 1972. It employs 11 to 50 people.

Where is US-Qatar Business Council based?

US-Qatar Business Council is headquartered in Washington, United States, in the North America region.

How does US-Qatar Business Council make money?

One revenue line is on record: membership Fees.

Who are US-Qatar Business Council's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are US-India Business Council, US-UAE Business Council, British-Qatari Business Council, National Council of US-Arab Chambers of Commerce and US-Saudi Arabian Business Council. Broad incumbents are Council of the Americas and U.S. Chamber of Commerce. International Chamber of Commerce is listed as an others. Regional players are Qatar Chamber of Commerce and AmCham Qatar.

Does US-Qatar Business Council have an API?

No public API is recorded for US-Qatar Business Council.

What industry is US-Qatar Business Council in?

US-Qatar Business Council's product category is Trade Association Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is BPADANAB, Technical Committees, Working Groups & Expert Panels, with a secondary code of HSACADAA, Meeting & Conference Planning & Coordination. Its NAICS code is 81392 and its SIC code is 8600.

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Live signals
Gulf TimesUSQBC Doha, AI Trust Foundation lead high-level US delegation to advance trusted AI and cross-border innovationA US delegation led by USQBC Doha and the AI Trust Foundation visited Doha during World Summit AI MENA 2025 to advance US-Qatar AI collaboration under their April 2025 MoU. The mission resulted in RedCloud Technologies signing a joint venture to deploy its RedAI platform in Turkey's FMCG market, with a minimum value of $5mn annually over 10 years. The delegation engaged senior Qatari officials including the Minister of State for Foreign Trade Affairs and held discussions with Microsoft Qatar and other public- and private-sector leaders on policy alignment and investment pathways.Business InsiderPhotos show shirtless Democratic congressmen and their wives riding camels on a Qatar trip paid for by a special interest groupPhotos show two Democratic congressmen and their wives riding camels in Qatar during a pandemic-era trip funded by the US-Qatar Business Council, which spent over $84,000. The group also included three other lawmakers, and the council denied paying for the camel rides. The trip occurred despite CDC mask guidance.Business InsiderAn $84,000 trip to Qatar and a $41,000 retreat in Miami: Members of Congress are going on expensive travels paid for by private groups where some bring their loved onesFive US House members took an all-expenses-paid trip to Qatar in March, costing $84,621.59, paid by the US-Qatar Business Council. The trip aimed to discuss business and security opportunities, including FIFA World Cup preparations. Ethics experts say rules should be tightened to prevent such privately funded travel.