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Orascom Investment Holding

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Namestring
Orascom Investment Holding
Legal namestring
Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.
Websiteurl
orascomih.com
Company typeenum
Public
Founded yearint
2011
Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
101–250
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersCairo, Egypt
HQ citystring
Cairo
HQ countrystring
Egypt
HQ regionstring
Africa
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
investment holding company, telecommunications operations, destination development, submarine cable operations, financial services holding
Product category
Investment Holding (Telecom, Destination Development, Financial Services)
Social media profiles2 records
GTM motion2 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model3 records
1Telecom Operations
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Revenue generated from telecommunications operations including Koryolink in North Korea (75% ownership), management of Alfa network in Lebanon (majority shares), and cable network management through TWA in Pakistan (51% stake).

orascomih.com
2Destination Development
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Revenue from urban entertainment destinations and cultural venues including the Sound & Light show at Giza Pyramids. Investment estimated at 200 million EGP with focus on transforming visitor experiences at historical sites.

orascomih.com
3Investment Returns
TypeLicensing Royalties
Description

Returns from diversified investment portfolio targeting high-growth sectors including Tourism & Destination Development, Renewable Energy & Electrical Mobility, Trading & Logistics and Telecom.

orascomih.com
Marketing channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales
GTM typeB2B and B2C
B2B and B2C
Offering typeServices
Services
Brand1 of 4 records shown
1Alfa
Description

Lebanese mobile network operator managed by Orascom Telecom Lebanon, covering 99% of Lebanese land and reaching 4.4 million people

orascomih.com
+3 more records
Core offering1 text field

Orascom Investment Holding is a diversified investment holding company that owns and manages operating subsidiaries across telecom, destination development, financial services, and renewable energy. Core operating businesses include Koryolink (North Korea's first 3G mobile operator with 75% ownership), Alfa (Lebanon telecom network management covering 99% of land and 4.4 million people), Trans World Associates (51% stake in Pakistan's submarine cable TW1), and INARA/OSL (Giza Pyramids Sound & Light show with 20,100-seat venue and 100+ projection stations). The company also controls Beltone Financial Holding and has expanded into light mobility through the BluEV partnership.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 5 values shown
  • 3 million subscribers served in North Korea as first 3G operator
+4 more records
Product overview1 text field

Orascom Investment Holding (OIH) is a diversified investment holding company operating in telecom and destination development sectors. The company operates through subsidiaries including Koryolink (3G mobile operator in North Korea with 3 million subscribers), Alfa (telecom network management in Lebanon covering 99% of land and 4.4 million people), and Trans World Associates (submarine fiber optic cable operator in Pakistan with 51% stake). In destination development, OIH operates INARA for the Giza Pyramids Sound & Light show and develops cultural/urban entertainment destinations in Egypt and Africa. The company traces its roots to Orascom Telecom, founded in 1997, and rebranded from Orascom Telecom Media & Technologies to OIH in 2018.

Product and service5 records
1Koryolink
CategoryMobile Telecommunications
Description

North Korea's first 3G mobile operator, launched in 2009 as a joint venture with KPTC with OIH holding 75% ownership. Provided 3G mobile voice and data services to 3 million subscribers and was the sole mobile network operator in the country for 9 years.

2Alfa (Lebanon)
CategoryTelecom Network Management
Description

One of two operating mobile networks in Lebanon, managed by OIH's majority-owned subsidiary Orascom Telecom Lebanon (OTL) under a management contract with the Ministry of Telecommunications. Covers 99% of Lebanese land, reaches 4.4 million people, and maintains roaming agreements with 214 operators across 109 countries.

3Trans World Associates (TWA) - TW1 submarine cable
CategorySubmarine Cable Infrastructure
Description

Pakistan's leading submarine fiber optic cable operator; established 2006 as a joint venture between Orastar Limited (UK) and Omzest group (Oman) with OIH holding 51%. Provides direct broadband and high-speed connectivity to telecom operators, ISPs, and major corporations. (OIH announced completion of sale of its shares in TWA in January 2022.)

4INARA - Giza Pyramids Sound & Light Show
CategoryDestination Development and Entertainment
Description

Cultural destination development project at the Giza Pyramids plateau operated by OIH's subsidiary INARA, featuring the Sound & Light show with 20,100 visitor seats, 13,500 square meters of land area, and 100+ video projection and light stations. Part of a broader plan to transform the area into an entertainment hub with restaurants, cafes, cinemas, and concert halls.

5Beltone Financial Holding - Financial Services and Brokerage
CategoryFinancial Services and Brokerage
Description

Wholly-owned subsidiary of OIH (acquired in 2015) providing financial services and brokerage, including corporate finance, investment banking, and equity research through Beltone's subsidiaries including Auerbach Grayson.

Scale indicator8 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership4 partners
1BluEV
Strategic tierFlagshipTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2023-05-07
Description

Partnership announced in May 2023 to make a leap in the light mobility industry in Egypt and beyond, transforming to green energy. Represents OIH's diversification into renewable energy and electrical mobility sector.

2KPTC (Korea Posts and Telecommunications Corporation)
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development PartnerAnnounced on2009-01-01
Description

Joint venture with North Korean state-owned KPTC to launch Koryolink, North Korea's first 3G mobile operator. OIH holds 75% ownership stake. The partnership provides telecommunications infrastructure as a public service to North Korean citizens.

orascomih.com
3Ministry of Telecommunications Lebanon
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Management contract for Alfa network, one of two operating networks in Lebanon. OIH owns majority shares of Orascom Telecom Lebanon S.A.L. (OTL) which manages Alfa on behalf of the Ministry.

orascomih.com
Strategic tierCoreTypeTechnology or Integration
Description

Joint venture between Orastar Limited of UK and Omzest group of Oman, with OIH owning majority shares (51%). TWA owns and operates submarine cable system TW1 providing broadband and high-speed connectivity to telecom operators, ISPs and major corporations in Pakistan.

Recent move10 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight6 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

Global mobile telecommunications operator formed from the 2011 merger of VimpelCom and Wind Telecom (the Orascom Telecom parent). Closely comparable given shared heritage and similar emerging market mobile operator profile across Eurasia and Africa.

TypeDirect peer
Description

South Africa-based multinational mobile telecommunications operator with operations across Africa and the Middle East. Directly comparable as a frontier and emerging market telecom holding with similar footprint in underserved MENA/Africa markets.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

London-listed telecom infrastructure company operating tower networks across Africa (Tanzania, DRC, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, South Africa, etc.). Comparable as an Africa-focused telecom infrastructure investor with operating country exposure similar to OIH's portfolio.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Pan-African telecom operator active in Madagascar, Comoros, Reunion, Mayotte, Tanzania, Uganda, and Senegal. Comparable as an emerging market-focused telecom operator with Africa-first strategy and significant infrastructure investments.

TypeDirect peer
Description

UAE-based global telecom holding company operating across the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Directly comparable as a MENA-headquartered telecom operator and investor with diversified portfolio across multiple emerging markets.

TypeOthers
Description

Global emerging markets private equity firm with significant investments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America across energy, infrastructure, and real estate. Comparable as an emerging market-focused investment vehicle with Africa concentration and Sawiris family-era connections (previously advised the OTH/OTMT Group).

TypeDirect peer
Description

Morocco-headquartered telecom operator with significant stakes in subsidiaries across West and Central Africa (Mali, Burkina Faso, Gabon, etc.). Directly comparable as a MENA telecom operator with African expansion strategy.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Saudi Arabia's largest telecom operator with stakes in operators across MENA and Europe (Bahrain, Kuwait, Turkey via Oger Telecom). Comparable as a large MENA telecom holding with diversified investment portfolio.

TypeEmerging player
Description

UAE-based conglomerate operating shopping malls, hotels, and entertainment destinations across MENA and North Africa. Comparable as a MENA entertainment and destination development operator with similar tourism-focused subsidiary structure.

TypeOthers
Description

European investment holding company that acquires and operates distressed and special situation assets across multiple sectors. Comparable as a diversified holding company pursuing opportunistic investments in operating businesses.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat6 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers4 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment3 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile5 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature4 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles11 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

Subsidiaries7 records

Each record includes

Name, Acquired on, Relationship type, Type, Business focus

No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A1 record

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Orascom Investment Holding

Investment Holding (Telecom, Destination Development, Financial Services)orascomih.com

Orascom Investment Holding firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Orascom Investment Holding
Legal name
Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.
Website
https://orascomih.com
Company type
Public
Founded year
2011
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
101–250 employees
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where Orascom Investment Holding is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Cairo
HQ country
Egypt
HQ region
Africa

Offices1 record

Markets served

Orascom Investment Holding business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B and B2C
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Infrastructure, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales

Revenue model

  1. Telecom Operations: Revenue generated from telecommunications operations including Koryolink in North Korea (75% ownership), management of Alfa network in Lebanon (majority shares), and cable network management through TWA in Pakistan (51% stake).
  2. Destination Development: Revenue from urban entertainment destinations and cultural venues including the Sound & Light show at Giza Pyramids. Investment estimated at 200 million EGP with focus on transforming visitor experiences at historical sites.
  3. Investment Returns: Returns from diversified investment portfolio targeting high-growth sectors including Tourism & Destination Development, Renewable Energy & Electrical Mobility, Trading & Logistics and Telecom.

Go-to-market motion2 records

Distribution channels4 records

Marketing channels4 records

Orascom Investment Holding product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Orascom Investment Holding is a diversified investment holding company that owns and manages operating subsidiaries across telecom, destination development, financial services, and renewable energy. Core operating businesses include Koryolink (North Korea's first 3G mobile operator with 75% ownership), Alfa (Lebanon telecom network management covering 99% of land and 4.4 million people), Trans World Associates (51% stake in Pakistan's submarine cable TW1), and INARA/OSL (Giza Pyramids Sound & Light show with 20,100-seat venue and 100+ projection stations). The company also controls Beltone Financial Holding and has expanded into light mobility through the BluEV partnership.

Product overview

Orascom Investment Holding (OIH) is a diversified investment holding company operating in telecom and destination development sectors. The company operates through subsidiaries including Koryolink (3G mobile operator in North Korea with 3 million subscribers), Alfa (telecom network management in Lebanon covering 99% of land and 4.4 million people), and Trans World Associates (submarine fiber optic cable operator in Pakistan with 51% stake). In destination development, OIH operates INARA for the Giza Pyramids Sound & Light show and develops cultural/urban entertainment destinations in Egypt and Africa. The company traces its roots to Orascom Telecom, founded in 1997, and rebranded from Orascom Telecom Media & Technologies to OIH in 2018.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Brands

  • Alfa: Lebanese mobile network operator managed by Orascom Telecom Lebanon, covering 99% of Lebanese land and reaching 4.4 million people
  • Koryolink
  • INARA
  • OSL for Entertainment Projects

Products and services

  • Koryolink North Korea's first 3G mobile operator, launched in 2009 as a joint venture with KPTC with OIH holding 75% ownership. Provided 3G mobile voice and data services to 3 million subscribers and was the sole mobile network operator in the country for 9 years.
  • Alfa (Lebanon) One of two operating mobile networks in Lebanon, managed by OIH's majority-owned subsidiary Orascom Telecom Lebanon (OTL) under a management contract with the Ministry of Telecommunications. Covers 99% of Lebanese land, reaches 4.4 million people, and maintains roaming agreements with 214 operators across 109 countries.
  • Trans World Associates (TWA) - TW1 submarine cable Pakistan's leading submarine fiber optic cable operator; established 2006 as a joint venture between Orastar Limited (UK) and Omzest group (Oman) with OIH holding 51%. Provides direct broadband and high-speed connectivity to telecom operators, ISPs, and major corporations. (OIH announced completion of sale of its shares in TWA in January 2022.)
  • INARA - Giza Pyramids Sound & Light Show Cultural destination development project at the Giza Pyramids plateau operated by OIH's subsidiary INARA, featuring the Sound & Light show with 20,100 visitor seats, 13,500 square meters of land area, and 100+ video projection and light stations. Part of a broader plan to transform the area into an entertainment hub with restaurants, cafes, cinemas, and concert halls.
  • Beltone Financial Holding - Financial Services and Brokerage Wholly-owned subsidiary of OIH (acquired in 2015) providing financial services and brokerage, including corporate finance, investment banking, and equity research through Beltone's subsidiaries including Auerbach Grayson.

Quantifiable outcome

  • 3 million subscribers served in North Korea as first 3G operator
  • +4 more outcomes

Companies that use Orascom Investment Holding

Customer profile

Named customers4 records

Segments3 records

Ideal customer profiles5 records

Orascom Investment Holding technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature4 records

Orascom Investment Holding partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Four partnerships are on record, tiered flagship and core.

  • BluEVflagshipStrategic or Co-development Partner · 7 May 2023Partnership announced in May 2023 to make a leap in the light mobility industry in Egypt and beyond, transforming to green energy. Represents OIH's diversification into renewable energy and electrical mobility sector.
  • KPTC (Korea Posts and Telecommunications Corporation)coreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 1 January 2009Joint venture with North Korean state-owned KPTC to launch Koryolink, North Korea's first 3G mobile operator. OIH holds 75% ownership stake. The partnership provides telecommunications infrastructure as a public service to North Korean citizens.
  • Ministry of Telecommunications LebanoncoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerManagement contract for Alfa network, one of two operating networks in Lebanon. OIH owns majority shares of Orascom Telecom Lebanon S.A.L. (OTL) which manages Alfa on behalf of the Ministry.
  • Trans World Associates (TWA)coreTechnology or IntegrationJoint venture between Orastar Limited of UK and Omzest group of Oman, with OIH owning majority shares (51%). TWA owns and operates submarine cable system TW1 providing broadband and high-speed connectivity to telecom operators, ISPs and major corporations in Pakistan.

Scale indicators8 records

Recent moves10 records

Expansion highlights6 records

Orascom Investment Holding competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • VEON Ltd: Global mobile telecommunications operator formed from the 2011 merger of VimpelCom and Wind Telecom (the Orascom Telecom parent). Closely comparable given shared heritage and similar emerging market mobile operator profile across Eurasia and Africa.
  • MTN Group: South Africa-based multinational mobile telecommunications operator with operations across Africa and the Middle East. Directly comparable as a frontier and emerging market telecom holding with similar footprint in underserved MENA/Africa markets.
  • e& (formerly Etisalat Group): UAE-based global telecom holding company operating across the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Directly comparable as a MENA-headquartered telecom operator and investor with diversified portfolio across multiple emerging markets.
  • Maroc Telecom: Morocco-headquartered telecom operator with significant stakes in subsidiaries across West and Central Africa (Mali, Burkina Faso, Gabon, etc.). Directly comparable as a MENA telecom operator with African expansion strategy.

Broad incumbents

  • Helios Towers: London-listed telecom infrastructure company operating tower networks across Africa (Tanzania, DRC, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, South Africa, etc.). Comparable as an Africa-focused telecom infrastructure investor with operating country exposure similar to OIH's portfolio.
  • Saudi Telecom Company (stc): Saudi Arabia's largest telecom operator with stakes in operators across MENA and Europe (Bahrain, Kuwait, Turkey via Oger Telecom). Comparable as a large MENA telecom holding with diversified investment portfolio.

Emerging players

  • AXIAN Telecom: Pan-African telecom operator active in Madagascar, Comoros, Reunion, Mayotte, Tanzania, Uganda, and Senegal. Comparable as an emerging market-focused telecom operator with Africa-first strategy and significant infrastructure investments.
  • Majid Al Futtaim Holding: UAE-based conglomerate operating shopping malls, hotels, and entertainment destinations across MENA and North Africa. Comparable as a MENA entertainment and destination development operator with similar tourism-focused subsidiary structure.

Others

  • Actis: Global emerging markets private equity firm with significant investments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America across energy, infrastructure, and real estate. Comparable as an emerging market-focused investment vehicle with Africa concentration and Sawiris family-era connections (previously advised the OTH/OTMT Group).
  • AURELIUS Equity Opportunities: European investment holding company that acquires and operates distressed and special situation assets across multiple sectors. Comparable as a diversified holding company pursuing opportunistic investments in operating businesses.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat6 records

Key risks6 records

Customer concentration

Orascom Investment Holding social profiles

Digital presence

Orascom Investment Holding financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Orascom Investment Holding leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles11 records

Orascom Investment Holding subsidiaries and ownership

Company hierarchy

Subsidiaries7 records

Orascom Investment Holding funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Orascom Investment Holding M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A1 record

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Orascom Investment Holding

What does Orascom Investment Holding do?

Orascom Investment Holding is a diversified investment holding company that owns and manages operating subsidiaries across telecom, destination development, financial services, and renewable energy. Core operating businesses include Koryolink (North Korea's first 3G mobile operator with 75% ownership), Alfa (Lebanon telecom network management covering 99% of land and 4.4 million people), Trans World Associates (51% stake in Pakistan's submarine cable TW1), and INARA/OSL (Giza Pyramids Sound & Light show with 20,100-seat venue and 100+ projection stations). The company also controls Beltone Financial Holding and has expanded into light mobility through the BluEV partnership.

Is Orascom Investment Holding a public or private company?

Orascom Investment Holding is a public company. It is classified as public and is currently operating.

When was Orascom Investment Holding founded?

Orascom Investment Holding was founded in 2011. It employs 101 to 250 people.

Where is Orascom Investment Holding based?

Orascom Investment Holding is headquartered in Cairo, Egypt, in the Africa region.

How does Orascom Investment Holding make money?

Three revenue lines are on record. Telecom Operations are the primary driver. The others are destination Development and investment Returns.

Who are Orascom Investment Holding's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are VEON Ltd, MTN Group, e& (formerly Etisalat Group) and Maroc Telecom. Broad incumbents are Helios Towers and Saudi Telecom Company (stc). Emerging players are AXIAN Telecom and Majid Al Futtaim Holding. Others are Actis and AURELIUS Equity Opportunities.

Does Orascom Investment Holding have an API?

No public API is recorded for Orascom Investment Holding.

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Live signals
EnterpriseamInside the retail wave reshaping EGXRetail investors dominate EGX trading, accounting for 72.7% of gross activity in H1 2026, with many trading on price action rather than filings. The exchange fined 35 issuers for missing earnings deadlines, yet stocks barely reacted. The market's reliance on uninformed retail investors is a structural weakness.AInvestOrascom Investment Holding - Currently in discussions with a global entity specialized in airport management and operationsOrascom Investment Holding is reportedly in discussions with a global entity specializing in airport management and operations, according to a report dated August 31, 2026. No formal agreement, terms, timelines, or the identity of the partner have been disclosed. Analysts say the talks could support Orascom's portfolio diversification and operational efficiency goals, but the outcome remains uncertain.WAYAOrascom Investment Prepares to Partner With Global Entity to Manage Egyptian AirportsOrascom Investment Holding is in talks with a global airport operator to form a consortium managing Egyptian airports, as Egypt plans to open 11 airports to private sector operators under IFC advice. The company is not pursuing Hurghada, which has 74 consortiums with tender documents and 64 bids. CEO Marwan Hussein said the company expects to begin pilot operations at its USD 22 million Sound and Light project in the fourth quarter of 2026.ZawyaOrascom Investment appoints Naguib Sawiris as ChairmanThe board of Orascom Investment Holding appointed Naguib Sawiris as Chairman and Marwan Mohamed Hussein Mohamed as Managing Director following a filing on August 19. The company reported a consolidated net loss of EGP 533.775 million for 2025, representing an 18.6% increase from the previous year's loss. This leadership change occurs as the firm continues its strategic shift toward diversifying investments into high-growth sectors.ZawyaOrascom Investment appoints Naguib Sawiris as ChairmanOrascom Investment Holding appointed Naguib Sawiris as Chairman of its board of directors and named Marwan Mohamed Hussein Mohamed as Managing Director. The appointment follows the company's reporting of a consolidated net loss of EGP 533.775 million for 2025, which represented an 18.6% increase from the previous year.WAYAOrascom Investment Holding Approves USD 10M Shareholder LoanOrascom Investment Holding shareholders approved a three-year board term led by Naguib Sawiris and authorized a shareholder loan of up to USD 10 million during the August 17 general assembly. The meeting also ratified financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, and appointed Hazem Hassan and Partners as the company's auditor for 2026. Additionally, the board was granted authorization to arrange additional financing and enter into related party agreements with majority-owned subsidiaries.EnterpriseamOrascom Investment Holding swings deeper into the red despite a 4x revenue surgeOrascom Investment Holding's consolidated net loss widened 13.8% to EGP 518.4 mn in 2025, despite operating revenues jumping nearly fourfold to EGP 1.4 bn. The deficit was driven by financing costs rising 88.6% to EGP 592.2 mn and finance income falling 68.1% to EGP 339.7 mn. TMG's North Coast play contributed EGP 219.1 bn in sales for 1H 2026.GlobeNewswireNorth Korea - Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband - Statistics and AnalysesOrascom wrote off its investment in North Korea's Koryolink, ending its mobile venture. The company had invested $400 million, but mobile penetration reached only 19% due to expensive handsets. The government prevented full profit repatriation, and negotiations continue for a merger with state operator Byol.