Galois

What Galois does

Galois, Inc. is a private research and engineering firm founded in 1999 that applies formal mathematical methods to build trustworthy, reliable, secure, explainable, and compliant critical systems. Headquartered in Portland, Oregon with offices in Arlington, Minneapolis, and Dayton, the firm serves U.S. government agencies — including DARPA, ARPA-H, IARPA, the Department of Defense (Army, Navy, Air Force, AFRL), NASA, and NIST — alongside commercial customers such as Apple and Amazon Web Services, and grant-funded partners like the Ethereum Foundation.

Galois's core technology is interactive theorem proving and symbolic execution applied to software verification, augmented by AI/ML-assisted tooling. The company maintains a suite of proprietary and open-source tools: SAW (Software Analysis Workbench) for verifying C and Java code against formal specifications, Cryptol (a domain-specific language and registered Galois trademark) for cryptographic algorithm specification and verification, CAMET for AADL-based model-based systems engineering, C2Rust for automated C-to-Rust transpilation, zkLean for zero-knowledge statement verification, Dioptra for Fully Homomorphic Encryption program analysis, LAGOON for open-source community vulnerability analysis, DLKoopman for cyber-physical system surrogate modeling, and Cheesecloth for zero-knowledge vulnerability disclosure. Notable technical milestones include verifying Apple's ML-KEM and ML-DSA post-quantum cryptography implementations with over 50,000 proof steps (protecting 2.5 billion+ active devices) and applying AI-enabled SMT solver tactics to automate thousands of lines of Lean proof code.

Galois generates revenue primarily through competitively awarded U.S. government R&D contracts (DARPA, ARPA-H, IARPA, DoD branches) with defined deliverables and timelines, complemented by custom commercial R&D engagements in aerospace, automotive, healthcare, fintech, and semiconductors, and by research grants from non-governmental organizations such as the Ethereum Foundation. The firm operates as a custom research and engineering organization rather than a packaged-software vendor: pricing is not publicly disclosed, there are no marketed product tiers, and customer engagement begins with direct email outreach to [email protected], which the company commits to respond to within one business day. Galois's leadership consists of CEO Rob Wiltbank and CFO Daniel Boyer.

Name

Galois

Legal name

Galois, Inc.

Website

https://galois.com

Company type

Private

Founded year

1999

Operating status

Operating

Headcount range

101–250 employees

Short description

Galois is a private R&D firm founded in 1999 that applies formal mathematical methods to verify the correctness, security, and compliance of critical software systems for U.S. government agencies (DARPA, DoD, NASA) and select commercial customers (Apple, AWS, Ethereum Foundation).

Ownership category

akta.pro rank

Product category

Formal Verification and High-Assurance Software Engineering

NAICS

Custom Computer Programming Services (541511)

SIC

Services-Computer Programming Services (7371)

akta.pro primary industry

Smart Contract Auditing & Formal Verification (FSAPAJAA)

akta.pro secondary industries

Smart Contract Security Tooling (static/dynamic analysis, formal verification) (FSAPABAI), Security Testing Tooling (SAST/DAST for smart contracts, fuzzing) (FSAPAJAK)

Keywords

• Formal verification
• Cryptographic verification
• Critical systems software
• Mathematical proof tools
• R&D engineering services

Headquarters

HQ city

Portland

HQ country

United States

HQ region

North America

Offices4 records

Markets served

GTM type

B2B

Offering type

Services

Cost components

Personnel, Technology or R&D, Operations, Infrastructure, Marketing or Sales

Revenue model

1. Government R&D Contracts: Galois primarily generates revenue through competitively awarded research contracts from U.S. government agencies including DARPA, ARPA-H, IARPA, and the Department of Defense (including Army, Navy, and Air Force research labs). These contracts fund specific research programs with defined deliverables, publication goals, and timelines.
2. Commercial and Industrial R&D Partnerships: Galois conducts custom research and engineering engagements for commercial partners in aerospace, automotive, healthcare, fintech, and semiconductor sectors, delivering high-assurance solutions and tools.
3. Grant Funding: Galois receives grant funding from non-governmental organizations such as the Ethereum Foundation, which provides financial support for specific research projects like the Jolt zkVM verification effort.

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels2 records

Marketing channels8 records

Core offering

Galois performs custom research and engineering that applies formal methods, mathematical verification, and advanced cryptography to build trustworthy critical software systems for government agencies and commercial enterprises. The company also develops and maintains a suite of proprietary and open-source verification tools (SAW, Cryptol, C2Rust, CAMET, zkLean, Dioptra, Cheesecloth, DLKoopman, LAGOON) that mathematically prove software correctness, verify cryptographic implementations, transpile legacy C to memory-safe Rust, and analyze cyber-physical and zero-knowledge systems.

Product overview

Galois delivers a suite of formal verification tools and cryptographic solutions for building trustworthy critical systems. The core products include SAW (Software Analysis Workbench) for formal verification of C/Java code, Cryptol for cryptographic specification and verification, and C2Rust for transpiling C to Rust. Additional tools include CAMET for AADL modeling, Dioptra for FHE program analysis, and zkLean for zero-knowledge statement verification in Lean. Galois also develops specialized projects like LAGOON (open-source community analysis), ESSENCE (AI-driven CPS design), and SIEVE (zero-knowledge proofs for defense applications), all leveraging formal methods to guarantee correctness in security-critical systems.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Quantifiable outcome

• Formal verification identified and fixed a missing-step flaw in an early ML-DSA implementation that could have silently corrupted cryptographic output — a flaw conventional testing would not have detected.
• +6 more outcomes

Named customers9 records

Segments7 records

Ideal customer profiles3 records

Technology focussed Yes

API detail

Has API

No

API docs

API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

AI capability14 records

Feature12 records

Partnerships

Nine partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

• ApplecoreStrategic or Co-development Partner · 22 May 2026Galois collaborated with Apple to develop a custom formal verification pipeline using Isabelle, SAW, and Cryptol that formally verified Apple's post-quantum cryptography implementations (ML-KEM and ML-DSA) in the corecrypto library. Over 50,000 proof steps were used to verify portable C and ARM64 assembly code against NIST specifications. The collaboration identified a missing-step flaw in an early ML-DSA implementation that conventional testing would have missed, protecting over 2.5 billion active devices.
• Rutgers UniversityminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerPartnered with Galois on the ESSENCE project (Exploration Service for Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel CPS Emergent designs), part of DARPA's Symbiotic Design of Cyber-physical Systems program, developing AI/ML-driven methods for rapid UAV design iteration.
• Purdue UniversityminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerAcademic partner in the ESSENCE project for AI-assisted cyber-physical system design alongside Galois and Rutgers University.
• Charles River AssociatesminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerPartner in the ESSENCE project contributing economic and analytical expertise to the AI-assisted CPS design research.
• University of VermontminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerPartnered with Galois on the LAGOON tool development under the DARPA Social Cyber program, creating machine learning analysis tools for open-source software ecosystem vulnerability assessment.
• General Electric (GE)minorStrategic or Co-development PartnerCollaborated with Galois under the SIEVE program to demonstrate using zero-knowledge proofs to verify hardware design properties without revealing proprietary design details to untrusted foundries.
• CyberneticaminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerPartnered with Galois to develop a privacy-preserving technology using ZKPs for Estonia's Environmental Investment Centre EV subsidy program, allowing Estonian citizens to verify subsidy eligibility without disclosing detailed travel data via a simple web browser interface.
• Lindy LabsminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerCollaborating with Galois and the University of Cambridge on the Ethereum Foundation-funded Jolt zkVM verification project.
• NISTcoreStrategic or Co-development PartnerNIST is listed as a trusted partner of Galois, with the company involved in standards-aligned work on post-quantum cryptography verification against NIST FIPS 203 and FIPS 204 specifications.

Scale indicators7 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights6 records

Direct peers

• AbsInt: Formal verification and static analysis company providing tools (Astrée, CodeHawk) for embedded, safety-critical, and aerospace software verification. Direct peer for Galois's critical systems and formal methods work.
• CertiK: Leading smart contract security and formal verification firm serving Web3 protocols with auditing, formal verification, and Skynet monitoring services. Direct peer for Galois's blockchain/ZK verification work including zkLean and Jolt zkVM.
• Veridise: Formal methods company providing auditing and security analysis for smart contracts and ZK circuits. Comparable to Galois's zkLean, SIEVE, and Cheesecloth capabilities with overlapping Web3 formal verification focus.
• Kestrel Institute: Non-profit computer science research institute specializing in formal methods, automated reasoning, and verified software synthesis. Closely comparable to Galois on formal methods R&D approach, though smaller and grant-funded rather than commercial.
• Runtime Verification: Formal verification company applying runtime verification and interactive theorem proving to smart contracts, aerospace, and autonomous systems. Direct overlap with Galois on smart contract auditing (matching FSAPAJAA focus) and aerospace/formal methods R&D.
• Trail of Bits: Security engineering and research firm specializing in formal verification, cryptography, and software assurance for blockchain, defense, and enterprise clients. Closely comparable to Galois on methodology, customer profile, and toolchain philosophy.
• Certora: Smart contract formal verification company providing automated prover-based auditing for DeFi protocols. Closely comparable to Galois's formal verification tooling approach in the Web3 segment.

Broad incumbents

• MITRE Corporation: Federally funded R&D center operating multiple FFRDCs with deep formal methods and cybersecurity expertise. Comparable to Galois in government-funded systems engineering and verification research, though at substantially greater scale and not-for-profit.
• NCC Group: Global cybersecurity and software assurance firm offering security consulting, testing, and formal verification services. Broader incumbent overlap with Galois's verification services across enterprise and government clients.
• Kudelski Security: Cryptographic and cybersecurity services firm serving enterprise and government clients with security assessments and cryptographic engineering. Broad incumbent overlap with Galois's cryptography and security verification offerings.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

• Xx.com/galois
• GitHubgithub.com/GaloisInc
• YouTubeyoutube.com/galoisinc
• LinkedInlinkedin.com/company/galois-inc-

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Number of profiles

Profiles8 records

Funding overview

Funding rounds1 record

Investors1 record

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Galois