E3

What E3 does

E3 is a specialized energy economics consulting firm founded in 1989 that provides quantitative analysis and strategic advisory services to the electricity sector. The firm serves investor-owned and municipal utilities, state and federal regulators (CPUC, NYSERDA, NY PSC, Massachusetts DOER, BPA), independent system operators (CAISO, MISO, ERCOT), institutional investors (Blackstone Infrastructure Partners), hyperscale data center operators (Amazon/AWS), and project developers. E3's practice areas span asset valuation, market price forecasting, resource planning and procurement, transmission planning, distributed energy resources, transportation electrification, rate design, regulatory strategy, and litigation support.

The firm's core analytical capability rests on a suite of proprietary and partner-enabled modeling tools. These include PLEXOS-based wholesale market price forecasting (via a strategic partnership with Energy Exemplar), the RECOST resource cost forecast model covering all major generation and storage technologies, the PATHWAYS economy-wide decarbonization model, the RESOLVE capacity expansion optimization model, the RECAP resource adequacy and capacity accreditation model, the IDSM integrated demand-side management tool, and the recently launched Forecasting Anywhere load forecasting product. Public-facing tools include an Avoided Cost Calculator for DER and a Wyoming Wind Energy Costing Model. E3 commercializes its market intelligence through the E3 Store (shop.ethree.com), selling annual price forecasts for all major U.S. and Canadian ISOs/RTOs at $10,000-$27,500 per product, RECOST at $10,000 per edition, DER/DR forecasts at $5,000-$32,500, and nodal price forecasts at $3,000.

E3 generates revenue through two primary channels: (1) fee-for-service professional consulting engagements with multi-month defined scopes sold directly to enterprise and government clients through partner-led business development, and (2) one-time/perpetual license sales of published forecast products and reports via its e-commerce storefront. Consulting projects span strategic matters such as Blackstone's $2.15 billion NIPSCO acquisition diligence and National Grid's $1 billion+ NPV Clean Resilience Link transmission analysis. The firm operates from five offices (San Francisco headquarters, Boston, New York, Denver, Calgary) and is a subsidiary of publicly listed Willdan Group, Inc., with no external venture capital or private equity funding rounds identified, indicating growth has been organic within its corporate parent structure.

Name

E3

Legal name

Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc.

Website

https://ethree.com

Company type

Private

Founded year

1989

Operating status

Operating

Headcount range

101–250 employees

Short description

E3 is an energy economics consulting firm founded in 1989 that provides quantitative modeling, market price forecasting, asset valuation, and strategic advisory services to utilities, regulators, system operators, institutional investors, and large energy users across North America.

Ownership category

akta.pro rank

Product category

Energy Consulting Services

NAICS

Other Scientific and Technical Consulting Services (541690), Environmental Consulting Services (541620)

SIC

Services-Engineering, Accounting, Research, Management (8700), Services-Management Consulting Services (8742)

akta.pro primary industry

C&I Load Forecasting, Scheduling & ISO/RTO Market Interface (EUAGACAH)

akta.pro secondary industry

Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Energy Brokerage & Procurement Advisory (EUAGAEAB)

Keywords

• Energy consulting services
• Electricity market forecasting
• Resource planning advisory
• Transmission planning analysis
• Decarbonization strategy

Headquarters

HQ city

San Francisco

HQ country

United States

HQ region

North America

Offices5 records

Markets served

GTM type

B2B

Offering type

Services

Cost components

Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Marketing or Sales, Infrastructure

Revenue model

1. Consulting Services for Utilities and Regulators: E3 provides fee-for-service consulting engagements to utilities, regulators, state agencies, and public power entities on resource planning, rate design, transmission planning, market design, and decarbonization strategy. Projects are typically multi-month engagements with defined scopes.
2. Published Forecast Products and Reports: E3 sells market price forecasts, resource cost forecasts, DER/DR forecasts, and nodal price forecasts through its E3 Store. Products include CAISO, ISO-NE, NYISO, PJM, ERCOT, PNW, SW, MISO, SPP, AESO, and IESO price forecasts, priced at $10,000-$27,500 per product. RECOST Q1 2026 is priced at $10,000.
3. Strategic Advisory for Investors and Developers: E3 provides asset valuation, due diligence, and strategic advisory services to institutional investors, infrastructure funds, and project developers supporting clean energy transition investments.

Pricing tiers

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels2 records

Marketing channels6 records

Core offering

E3 provides fee-for-service energy consulting engagements to utilities, regulators, state agencies, investors, and developers, covering asset valuation, resource planning, rate design, transmission planning, market design, and decarbonization strategy. The firm also sells published wholesale market price forecasts and resource cost forecasts (RECOST) for all major North American ISOs/RTOs through its E3 Store, alongside proprietary modeling tools (PATHWAYS, RESOLVE, RECAP, IDSM).

Product overview

E3 (Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc.) is an energy consulting firm that operates a consultative services model combined with proprietary analytical tools and commercially available forecast products. The core product portfolio centers on wholesale electricity market price forecasts for major North American ISOs/RTOs (CAISO, ISO-NE, NYISO, PJM, ERCOT, PNW, SW, MISO, SPP, AESO, IESO) and resource cost forecasts (E3 RECOST). These are complemented by proprietary modeling tools including the IDSM Tool (integrated demand-side management), E3 RESOLVE (capacity expansion), E3 RECAP (resource adequacy), E3 PATHWAYS (economy-wide modeling), and Forecasting Anywhere (load forecasting). E3 also provides public analytical tools including an Avoided Cost Calculator for DER and a NEM Successor Public Tool. The firm publishes research reports on topics including data center grid economics, electrification impacts, resource adequacy, and large load tariff design.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

• CAISO Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) region, providing long-term price projections for asset valuation and investment decisions.
• ISO-NE Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the ISO New England region, supporting resource planning and energy asset investment analysis.
• NYISO Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) region.
• PJM Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the PJM Interconnection region covering all or parts of 13 states and D.C.
• ERCOT Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid region.
• PNW Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Pacific Northwest region.
• SW Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Southwest region.
• MISO Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) region.
• SPP Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) region.
• AESO Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Alberta Electric System Operator (AESO) in Canada.
• IESO Price Forecast Annual wholesale electricity market price forecast for the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) in Ontario, Canada.
• E3 RECOST Resource cost forecasts providing levelized fixed costs, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and implied flat nominal PPA prices for technologies including solar PV, wind, battery storage, geothermal, natural gas, hydrogen, and nuclear across U.S. and Canadian markets.
• DER and DR Forecast Forecasts for Distributed Energy Resources (DER) adoption and Demand Response (DR) potential with retail rate projections.
• Nodal Price Forecasts Node-level electricity price forecasts providing locational pricing data for detailed investment and operational analysis.
• Forecasting Anywhere Load forecasting tool designed to help utilities and stakeholders project electricity demand under various scenarios including AI and data center growth.
• Avoided Cost Calculator for DER Public tool for estimating the value of avoided costs for use in evaluating distributed energy resource programs.
• 2015 NEM Successor Public Tool Public spreadsheet tool to evaluate the impacts of a successor to the Net Energy Metering (NEM) tariff for renewable customer-generators.
• Wyoming Wind Energy Costing Model Public model demonstrating the related nature and relative impact of various cost drivers for wind energy projects in Wyoming.
• Asset Valuation and Market Price Forecasting Services Consulting services providing asset valuation, due diligence, and market price forecasting for investors, developers, and utilities across North American wholesale electricity markets.
• Resource Planning and Procurement Consulting Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) consulting supporting utilities, regulators, and state agencies in long-term capacity expansion modeling, portfolio optimization, and procurement strategy.
• Transmission Planning and Pricing Consulting Transmission planning and pricing analysis including interregional transmission studies, benefits analyses, and non-wires alternatives evaluation for utilities, system operators, and regulators.
• Cost of Service and Rate Design Consulting Cost-of-service analysis and rate design consulting including large load tariff design, cost allocation frameworks, and rate impact studies for utilities and regulators.
• Regulatory Strategy and Litigation Support Regulatory strategy, expert testimony, and litigation support for utilities, regulators, and developers appearing before public utility commissions, FERC, and other regulatory bodies.
• Climate Pathways and Electrification Consulting Economy-wide decarbonization studies, climate pathways modeling, transportation electrification analysis, and net-zero grid planning for utilities, governments, and corporate clients.
• Distributed Energy Resources Consulting Distributed energy resources (DER) program design, demand response evaluation, and adoption forecasting for utilities, regulators, and state agencies.
• Large Energy User Services Large load tariff design, grid impact analysis, and rate structure optimization for hyperscale data centers and large industrial energy users.

Quantifiable outcome

• E3 analysis found the Clean Resilience Link interregional transmission project could provide over $1 billion in net present value of benefits over its lifetime.
• +5 more outcomes

Named customers18 records

Segments6 records

Ideal customer profiles4 records

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API

No

API docs

API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature8 records

Partnerships

13 partnerships are on record, tiered flagship/ core, major, supporting, international and parent/ holding company.

• Energy Exemplarflagship/ coreTechnology or Integration · 9 April 2024E3 and Energy Exemplar entered a strategic channel partnership in April 2024, deepening E3's long-standing use of the PLEXOS modeling platform. E3 is part of Energy Exemplar's Product Innovation Partnership program and contributes real-world input to platform development. E3 uses PLEXOS as the engine for its North American wholesale market price forecasting services, which have supported billions of dollars of energy transition investments. The partnership aims to accelerate PLEXOS adoption, drive innovation, and deliver combined technology and advisory solutions to energy stakeholders.
• Hitachi EnergymajorTechnology or IntegrationE3 collaborated with Hitachi Energy on the Clean Resilience Link interregional transmission analysis for National Grid. Hitachi Energy contributed technical expertise alongside E3's modeling and scenario analysis capabilities to assess the benefits of upgrading the New York-New England 230kV intertie to 345kV.
• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)supportingStrategic or Co-development PartnerLBNL conducted corroborating work alongside E3's independent analysis on data centers and electricity rates, released in May 2026. LBNL's independent findings aligned with E3's conclusions that data centers are not the primary historical driver of rising electricity rates.
• Data Center CoalitionmajorStrategic or Co-development PartnerThe Data Center Coalition commissioned E3 and PwC to conduct independent studies quantifying the U.S. data center industry's economic footprint and examining whether data centers have driven up household electricity costs. E3's study reviewed 11 prior studies and found no historical evidence linking data center growth to residential electricity price increases.
• Powering America's Commercial Transportation (PACT)majorStrategic or Co-development PartnerPACT funded E3 to conduct a study on the electric rate impacts of medium- and heavy-duty vehicle electrification investments, analyzing impacts on PG&E and Georgia Power customers. E3 found that electrified trucking fleets could reduce residential rates by up to $20/year in California by 2035.
• Edison Electric Institute (EEI)majorStrategic or Co-development PartnerEEI partnered with E3 and supported PACT's study on medium- and heavy-duty truck electrification rate impacts, examining how freight electrification could help stabilize or lower household electricity bills in California and Georgia utility service territories.
• National Gridflagship/ coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerNational Grid funded E3 to draft a report exploring use cases for utility-owned storage in New York State, which was cited in National Grid's filing to the NY PSC's Energy Storage Order proceeding. E3 also led the analysis of the Clean Resilience Link project benefits for National Grid, finding over $1 billion in NPV benefits from the interregional transmission upgrades.
• Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER)majorStrategic or Co-development PartnerE3 was engaged by Massachusetts DOER to evaluate load management strategies for a net zero grid in Massachusetts, assessing the technical potential of demand-side management and load flexibility under decarbonization scenarios.
• Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC)majorStrategic or Co-development PartnerE3 collaborated with MassCEC and DOER on the Energy Storage Market Update and Long Duration Storage Study, assessing the current state of energy storage in Massachusetts, market outlook for LDES technologies, and policy recommendations for achieving decarbonization goals.
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)flagship/ coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerE3 partnered with NARUC to write a comprehensive report confronting barriers to interregional transmission and addressing them with potential reforms and collaborative solutions. The report distinguishes between states, federal government, and planning regions as key actors and was designed to provide practical solutions for identifying crucial interregional transmission projects.
• Net Zero AtlanticmajorStrategic or Co-development PartnerNet Zero Atlantic commissioned E3 (as subcontractor to Stantec, with funding from Natural Resources Canada) to lead electricity system modeling and market analysis for the Atlantic Canada Offshore Wind Grid Integration and Transmission Study, examining offshore wind's role in meeting Canada's net-zero targets.
• Tata Power-DDL (India)internationalStrategic or Co-development PartnerE3 supported Tata Power-DDL under a USTDA-funded project to explore the regulatory and business case for DERs including EVs, demand response, storage, and energy efficiency in India. E3 developed DER roadmaps including least-cost portfolios and identified pilots for EV charging centers and demand response programs.
• Willdan Group, Inc.parent/ holding companyOthersE3 is a part of Willdan Group, Inc., a public company focused on transitioning communities to clean energy and a sustainable future. Willdan acquired E3 as part of its portfolio of energy transition services.

Scale indicators7 records

Recent moves7 records

Expansion highlights6 records

Direct peers

• Analysis Group: Economics and financial consulting firm with a leading energy and environment practice providing expert testimony, regulatory economics and quantitative analysis. Shares E3's economics-driven, PhD-heavy, partner-led consulting model serving utilities, regulators and litigants.
• The Brattle Group: Economics-focused consulting firm with a large energy practice spanning regulatory economics, rate design, IRP and litigation support. Like E3, Brattle staffs senior PhD economists, testifies in regulatory proceedings and serves both utilities and regulators on high-stakes energy matters.
• Charles River Associates: Global economics consultancy with a sizable energy practice providing expert economic analysis, regulatory support and litigation testimony. Operates with a similar expert-witness and economics-led model to E3, addressing utility regulation, market design and energy asset valuation.
• Energy Exemplar: Provider of the PLEXOS production-cost and capacity-expansion modeling platform used by 500+ organizations across 80+ countries. Both E3's strategic partner and adjacent competitor — Energy Exemplar enables E3's forecasting IP while also serving many of the same utility, ISO/RTO and developer clients directly with its software and modeling services.

Broad incumbents

• Wood Mackenzie: Global energy research and consulting firm providing market intelligence, asset valuations and price forecasts across power, renewables and upstream. Competes with E3 directly on wholesale power price forecasting and asset valuation services for investors and developers, while also offering a much broader upstream/downstream portfolio.
• ICF International: Large diversified professional services firm with a sizable energy and climate practice covering utility advisory, regulatory support, energy markets and decarbonization strategy. ICF is a broader incumbent that overlaps with E3 in utility advisory and IRP work but operates at significantly larger scale across multiple sectors.

Regional players

• Baringa Partners: UK-headquartered energy and commodities consultancy with strong European utility, trading and market-design capabilities. Comparable to E3 in practice mix (market design, price forecasting, regulatory and trading advisory), but primarily serves European markets rather than North American ISO/RTO clients.

Emerging players

• RMI (Rocky Mountain Institute): Nonprofit climate and energy think tank providing analytic and advisory services on power-sector decarbonization, rate design and grid modernization. Overlaps with E3 on decarbonization pathways, electrification and clean-energy regulatory work, though RMI is mission-driven rather than fee-for-service.

Others

• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: DOE national laboratory producing open-source power-system research, including data-center/rate work that has corroborated E3 analyses. Functions as a research peer and occasional joint-author partner rather than a commercial competitor, shaping the same evidence base used in regulatory proceedings.
• Hitachi Energy: Grid technology vendor and consultancy that collaborated with E3 on the Clean Resilience Link interregional transmission analysis for National Grid. Functions as a technology and analytics partner/adjacent ecosystem participant rather than a directly competing consultancy.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

• LinkedInlinkedin.com/company/energy-environmental-economics
• Xx.com/ethree_inc

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Number of profiles

Profiles14 records

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about E3