Developer docs
API playgroundTry for free, no card

Search company profiles

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives

Full company profile

uuid000h4nm

Namestring
Touchstone Energy Cooperatives
Legal namestring
Touchstone Energy Cooperative, Inc.
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1998
Descriptiontext

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit national brand and service network for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives operating across 46 states and collectively serving approximately 30 million member-owners. Founded in 1998 and headquartered at 4301 Wilson Blvd in Arlington, Virginia, the organization is structurally affiliated with the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) and operates as a hosted program within the NRECA umbrella. Its functional role is to provide member cooperatives with the brand, communications, training, web infrastructure, advertising, and member-benefit programs they would be unable to cost-effectively build independently, thereby differentiating cooperative utilities from investor-owned utilities in consumer perception.

The core product portfolio centers on three platforms — SHiNE (a website building, hosting, and security platform exclusive to member cooperatives), Co-op Connections (a member discount program spanning health, travel, safety, and local deals), and a national advertising platform delivering 126 million impressions annually with locally customizable creative. Supporting programs include the NEXT Conference, LinkedIn Learning access, Questline Energy content, ACSI customer satisfaction benchmarking, the Dolly Parton Imagination Library, the EV Car Club, and Prepaid Cards. Technology differentiation is concentrated in domain specialization and integration interoperability (the web and member-benefit platforms) rather than core technology innovation.

Revenue is generated primarily through recurring annual membership dues paid by member electric cooperatives, supplemented by fees for professional services such as advertising campaigns, creative services, and branded merchandise (via a partnership with Lands' End). Go-to-market is exclusively B2B2C via the cooperative network — Touchstone Energy does not sell directly to end consumers. End-customer segments consist of residential and business electricity consumers who are member-owners of the participating cooperatives; their primary pain points addressed are access to reliable power, energy savings information, and trust in the cooperative model.

Short descriptiontext

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit national brand and service network for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states, providing branding, advertising, training, web infrastructure, and member-benefit programs that collectively serve approximately 30 million member-owners.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
11–50
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersArlington, United States
HQ citystring
Arlington
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
electric cooperative services, cooperative network branding, utility member programs, cooperative training resources, energy efficiency content
Industry1 code
1Electric Cooperatives (Rural/Member-Owned Utilities)
CodeEUADABACPrimaryYes
NAICS code2 codes
  • Business Associations813910
  • Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution2211
SIC code2 codes
  • Services-Membership Organizations8600
  • Electric Services4911
Product category
Cooperative Network Services
GTM motion1 record

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model2 records
1Membership Dues
TypeSubscription Recurring
Description

Touchstone Energy generates revenue through membership fees from electric cooperatives that join the national network. Member cooperatives pay dues to access the brand, programs, training, and communications resources.

touchstoneenergy.com
2Programs and Services
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Provides various programs and services to member cooperatives including advertising campaigns, branding resources, training conferences, and web creative services that may generate supplementary revenue.

touchstoneenergy.com
Marketing channels7 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels1 record

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components5 values
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D, Others
Pricing details1 tier
1Membership-based pricing for electric cooperatives
ModelSubscriptionBilling cadenceAnnual
Notes

Pricing for membership is not publicly disclosed; cooperatives join as members to access programs and resources.

touchstoneenergy.com
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives operates as a national network and brand platform for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states. The organization provides member cooperatives with unified national branding, advertising campaigns, employee training programs, communications resources (including the SHiNE website platform and Questline content), and member benefit programs such as Co-op Connections. Together these offerings help member cooperatives differentiate themselves from investor-owned utilities and better serve their 30 million member-owners.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Product overview1 text field

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives operates as a national network of electric cooperatives providing a platform-plus-services model consisting of SHiNE (website building platform), Co-op Connections (member discount program), energy efficiency resources, technology resources, business solutions content, training programs including LinkedIn Learning and NEXT Conference, national advertising campaigns, and community engagement programs. The organization supports over 700 member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states serving 30 million member-owners through targeted programs and a unifying national brand.

Product and service10 records
1SHiNE
CategoryDigital platform
Description

Website building, hosting, and security platform built exclusively for electric cooperatives; an exclusive member benefit of Touchstone Energy.

2Co-op Connections
CategoryMember benefit program
Description

Free membership discount program providing benefits across health and wellness, travel and entertainment, safety and security, and local deals for cooperative member-owners.

3National Advertising Campaigns
CategoryMarketing service
Description

Portfolio of digital communications placed nationally on the Cooperative Difference, Renewables, and Safety topics, including customizable ad creative and a co-op media buy service that delivers over 126 million impressions annually.

4NEXT Conference
CategoryTraining event
Description

Annual conference providing training and networking opportunities for electric cooperative professionals.

5LinkedIn Learning Access
CategoryTraining service
Description

Professional development training resources provided to cooperative staff and employees as part of Touchstone Energy membership.

6American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) Research
CategoryResearch service
Description

National industry measure of customer satisfaction providing cooperatives with satisfaction scores and benchmarking data.

7Co-op Connections Card Program
CategoryMember benefit program
Description

Cooperative partnership program providing members extra benefits and savings on everyday items through partnered businesses.

8EV Car Club
CategoryCommunity program
Description

Program connecting EV Car Clubs across the country for electric vehicle enthusiasts within cooperative communities.

9Dolly Parton Imagination Library
CategoryCommunity program
Description

Early childhood literacy program available through participating cooperatives, providing books to children in cooperative communities.

10Prepaid Cards
CategoryFinancial service
Description

Prepaid card services for cooperative members.

Scale indicator7 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership6 partners
Strategic tierCoreTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

NRECA is closely affiliated with Touchstone Energy, which is hosted under the NRECA cooperative structure. Touchstone Energy operates as a program under NRECA, with shared staff and resources. Contact information and privacy policies reference NRECA as the parent organization.

Strategic tierMinorTypeGTM or Marketing Partner
Description

Lands' End provides branded merchandise and apparel through the Touchstone Energy advertising and branding program, allowing member cooperatives to purchase co-branded merchandise.

Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

Touchstone Energy cooperatives partner with the Dolly Parton Imagination Library program to provide books to children in cooperative communities.

Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

ACSI provides customer satisfaction benchmarking research that Touchstone Energy uses to help member cooperatives measure and improve member satisfaction.

5Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative (SECC)
Strategic tierMinorTypeStrategic or Co-development Partner
Description

SECC provides consumer research and insights that Touchstone Energy makes available to member cooperatives for research and best practices.

touchstoneenergy.com
Strategic tierMinorTypeGTM or Marketing Partner
Description

Touchstone Energy provides ANA membership resources as part of its advertising and branding program for member cooperatives.

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeEmerging player
Description

NISC is a cooperative providing IT and software solutions (billing, accounting, engineering) to electric cooperatives and other utilities. Comparable in being cooperative-owned and operating as a services platform for the same member ecosystem.

TypeDirect peer
Description

NRECA is the parent/host organization of Touchstone Energy, providing shared staff and resources for the national network of electric cooperatives. Direct organizational sibling operating as the overarching trade association for the same 700+ member cooperatives Touchstone serves.

TypeOthers
Description

Associated technology initiative within the cooperative ecosystem that explores emerging technology offerings for cooperative members. Adjacent ecosystem participant offering technology and energy services to cooperatives similar to Touchstone.

TypeEmerging player
Description

EPRI is an independent R&D organization for the electricity sector, conducting research used by utilities including cooperatives. Comparable as a sector-wide shared research/services platform funded by utility members.

TypeDirect peer
Description

APPA is the national trade association for community-owned (municipal) public power utilities. Closely analogous role to Touchstone in serving member utilities with advocacy, training, and shared services—but for the public power segment rather than cooperatives.

TypeEmerging player
Description

CoBank is a member-owned cooperative bank financing rural electric cooperatives and other agricultural/rural infrastructure. Comparable as a cooperative association serving the same member ecosystem with shared-service economics.

TypeDirect peer
Description

EEI is the national trade association representing all U.S. investor-owned electric utilities. Comparable role to Touchstone/NRECA in providing national advocacy, branding, and shared services—but on the IOU side of the electric utility industry.

8SHiNE Cooperative Web Services (shine.coop)
TypeOthers
Description

SHiNE is Touchstone's own web platform for cooperative websites, but it sits adjacent to commercial web/website-build services (like Wix, GoDaddy, etc.) that compete for cooperative website spending. Listed for context as an adjacent ecosystem participant.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Questline provides digital content, email, and engagement programs for energy utilities. Directly comparable to a key Touchstone product offering (Questline Energy content platform) serving the same utilities/electric cooperative market with marketing and content services.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Federated Insurance provides insurance products and risk management services tailored to rural electric cooperatives. Comparable as a cooperative-affiliated services organization serving the same rural electric member base.

Market position
Strengths5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights7 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers1 record

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment2 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile1 record

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature3 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles1 record

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives

Cooperative Network Servicestouchstoneenergy.com

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit national brand and service network for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states, providing branding, advertising, training, web infrastructure, and member-benefit programs that collectively serve approximately 30 million member-owners.

What Touchstone Energy Cooperatives does

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit national brand and service network for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives operating across 46 states and collectively serving approximately 30 million member-owners. Founded in 1998 and headquartered at 4301 Wilson Blvd in Arlington, Virginia, the organization is structurally affiliated with the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) and operates as a hosted program within the NRECA umbrella. Its functional role is to provide member cooperatives with the brand, communications, training, web infrastructure, advertising, and member-benefit programs they would be unable to cost-effectively build independently, thereby differentiating cooperative utilities from investor-owned utilities in consumer perception.

The core product portfolio centers on three platforms — SHiNE (a website building, hosting, and security platform exclusive to member cooperatives), Co-op Connections (a member discount program spanning health, travel, safety, and local deals), and a national advertising platform delivering 126 million impressions annually with locally customizable creative. Supporting programs include the NEXT Conference, LinkedIn Learning access, Questline Energy content, ACSI customer satisfaction benchmarking, the Dolly Parton Imagination Library, the EV Car Club, and Prepaid Cards. Technology differentiation is concentrated in domain specialization and integration interoperability (the web and member-benefit platforms) rather than core technology innovation.

Revenue is generated primarily through recurring annual membership dues paid by member electric cooperatives, supplemented by fees for professional services such as advertising campaigns, creative services, and branded merchandise (via a partnership with Lands' End). Go-to-market is exclusively B2B2C via the cooperative network — Touchstone Energy does not sell directly to end consumers. End-customer segments consist of residential and business electricity consumers who are member-owners of the participating cooperatives; their primary pain points addressed are access to reliable power, energy savings information, and trust in the cooperative model.

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Touchstone Energy Cooperatives
Legal name
Touchstone Energy Cooperative, Inc.
Website
https://touchstoneenergy.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
1998
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
11–50 employees
Short description
Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit national brand and service network for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states, providing branding, advertising, training, web infrastructure, and member-benefit programs that collectively serve approximately 30 million member-owners.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives industry classification

Industry
Product category
Cooperative Network Services
NAICS
Business Associations (813910), Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution (2211)
SIC
Services-Membership Organizations (8600), Electric Services (4911)
akta.pro primary industry
Electric Cooperatives (Rural/Member-Owned Utilities) (EUADABAC)

Keywords

  • Electric cooperative services
  • Cooperative network branding
  • Utility member programs
  • Cooperative training resources
  • Energy efficiency content

Where Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Arlington
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Offices1 record

Markets served

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D, Others

Revenue model

  1. Membership Dues: Touchstone Energy generates revenue through membership fees from electric cooperatives that join the national network. Member cooperatives pay dues to access the brand, programs, training, and communications resources.
  2. Programs and Services: Provides various programs and services to member cooperatives including advertising campaigns, branding resources, training conferences, and web creative services that may generate supplementary revenue.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
SubscriptionAnnualMembership-based pricing for electric cooperatives

Go-to-market motion1 record

Distribution channels1 record

Marketing channels7 records

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives operates as a national network and brand platform for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states. The organization provides member cooperatives with unified national branding, advertising campaigns, employee training programs, communications resources (including the SHiNE website platform and Questline content), and member benefit programs such as Co-op Connections. Together these offerings help member cooperatives differentiate themselves from investor-owned utilities and better serve their 30 million member-owners.

Product overview

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives operates as a national network of electric cooperatives providing a platform-plus-services model consisting of SHiNE (website building platform), Co-op Connections (member discount program), energy efficiency resources, technology resources, business solutions content, training programs including LinkedIn Learning and NEXT Conference, national advertising campaigns, and community engagement programs. The organization supports over 700 member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states serving 30 million member-owners through targeted programs and a unifying national brand.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • SHiNE Website building, hosting, and security platform built exclusively for electric cooperatives; an exclusive member benefit of Touchstone Energy.
  • Co-op Connections Free membership discount program providing benefits across health and wellness, travel and entertainment, safety and security, and local deals for cooperative member-owners.
  • National Advertising Campaigns Portfolio of digital communications placed nationally on the Cooperative Difference, Renewables, and Safety topics, including customizable ad creative and a co-op media buy service that delivers over 126 million impressions annually.
  • NEXT Conference Annual conference providing training and networking opportunities for electric cooperative professionals.
  • LinkedIn Learning Access Professional development training resources provided to cooperative staff and employees as part of Touchstone Energy membership.
  • American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) Research National industry measure of customer satisfaction providing cooperatives with satisfaction scores and benchmarking data.
  • Co-op Connections Card Program Cooperative partnership program providing members extra benefits and savings on everyday items through partnered businesses.
  • EV Car Club Program connecting EV Car Clubs across the country for electric vehicle enthusiasts within cooperative communities.
  • Dolly Parton Imagination Library Early childhood literacy program available through participating cooperatives, providing books to children in cooperative communities.
  • Prepaid Cards Prepaid card services for cooperative members.

Companies that use Touchstone Energy Cooperatives

Customer profile

Named customers1 record

Segments2 records

Ideal customer profiles1 record

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

Feature3 records

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

Six partnerships are on record, tiered core and minor.

  • National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA)coreStrategic or Co-development PartnerNRECA is closely affiliated with Touchstone Energy, which is hosted under the NRECA cooperative structure. Touchstone Energy operates as a program under NRECA, with shared staff and resources. Contact information and privacy policies reference NRECA as the parent organization.
  • Lands' EndminorGTM or Marketing PartnerLands' End provides branded merchandise and apparel through the Touchstone Energy advertising and branding program, allowing member cooperatives to purchase co-branded merchandise.
  • Dolly Parton Imagination LibraryminorStrategic or Co-development PartnerTouchstone Energy cooperatives partner with the Dolly Parton Imagination Library program to provide books to children in cooperative communities.
  • American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)minorStrategic or Co-development PartnerACSI provides customer satisfaction benchmarking research that Touchstone Energy uses to help member cooperatives measure and improve member satisfaction.
  • Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative (SECC)minorStrategic or Co-development PartnerSECC provides consumer research and insights that Touchstone Energy makes available to member cooperatives for research and best practices.
  • Association of National Advertisers (ANA)minorGTM or Marketing PartnerTouchstone Energy provides ANA membership resources as part of its advertising and branding program for member cooperatives.

Scale indicators7 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Emerging players

  • National Information Solutions Cooperative (NISC): NISC is a cooperative providing IT and software solutions (billing, accounting, engineering) to electric cooperatives and other utilities. Comparable in being cooperative-owned and operating as a services platform for the same member ecosystem.
  • Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI): EPRI is an independent R&D organization for the electricity sector, conducting research used by utilities including cooperatives. Comparable as a sector-wide shared research/services platform funded by utility members.
  • CoBank: CoBank is a member-owned cooperative bank financing rural electric cooperatives and other agricultural/rural infrastructure. Comparable as a cooperative association serving the same member ecosystem with shared-service economics.
  • Questline (by Content Dynamics): Questline provides digital content, email, and engagement programs for energy utilities. Directly comparable to a key Touchstone product offering (Questline Energy content platform) serving the same utilities/electric cooperative market with marketing and content services.
  • Federated Rural Electric Insurance Exchange: Federated Insurance provides insurance products and risk management services tailored to rural electric cooperatives. Comparable as a cooperative-affiliated services organization serving the same rural electric member base.

Direct peers

  • National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA): NRECA is the parent/host organization of Touchstone Energy, providing shared staff and resources for the national network of electric cooperatives. Direct organizational sibling operating as the overarching trade association for the same 700+ member cooperatives Touchstone serves.
  • American Public Power Association (APPA): APPA is the national trade association for community-owned (municipal) public power utilities. Closely analogous role to Touchstone in serving member utilities with advocacy, training, and shared services—but for the public power segment rather than cooperatives.
  • Edison Electric Institute (EEI): EEI is the national trade association representing all U.S. investor-owned electric utilities. Comparable role to Touchstone/NRECA in providing national advocacy, branding, and shared services—but on the IOU side of the electric utility industry.

Others

  • Touchstone Labs (Powerx): Associated technology initiative within the cooperative ecosystem that explores emerging technology offerings for cooperative members. Adjacent ecosystem participant offering technology and energy services to cooperatives similar to Touchstone.
  • SHiNE Cooperative Web Services (shine.coop): SHiNE is Touchstone's own web platform for cooperative websites, but it sits adjacent to commercial web/website-build services (like Wix, GoDaddy, etc.) that compete for cooperative website spending. Listed for context as an adjacent ecosystem participant.

Market position

Strengths5 records

Weaknesses5 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights7 records

Customer concentration

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives social profiles

Digital presence

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles1 record

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Touchstone Energy Cooperatives

What does Touchstone Energy Cooperatives do?

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives operates as a national network and brand platform for 700+ member-owned electric cooperatives across 46 states. The organization provides member cooperatives with unified national branding, advertising campaigns, employee training programs, communications resources (including the SHiNE website platform and Questline content), and member benefit programs such as Co-op Connections. Together these offerings help member cooperatives differentiate themselves from investor-owned utilities and better serve their 30 million member-owners.

Is Touchstone Energy Cooperatives a public or private company?

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is a private company. It is classified as nonprofit foundation owned and is currently operating.

When was Touchstone Energy Cooperatives founded?

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives was founded in 1998. It employs 11 to 50 people.

Where is Touchstone Energy Cooperatives based?

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives is headquartered in Arlington, United States, in the North America region.

How does Touchstone Energy Cooperatives make money?

Two revenue lines are on record. Membership Dues are the primary driver. The others are programs and Services.

Who are Touchstone Energy Cooperatives's main competitors?

Emerging players on record are National Information Solutions Cooperative (NISC), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), CoBank, Questline (by Content Dynamics) and Federated Rural Electric Insurance Exchange. Direct peers are National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), American Public Power Association (APPA) and Edison Electric Institute (EEI). Others are Touchstone Labs (Powerx) and SHiNE Cooperative Web Services (shine.coop).

Does Touchstone Energy Cooperatives have an API?

No public API is recorded for Touchstone Energy Cooperatives.

What industry is Touchstone Energy Cooperatives in?

Touchstone Energy Cooperatives's product category is Cooperative Network Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is EUADABAC, Electric Cooperatives (Rural/Member-Owned Utilities). Its NAICS code is 813910 and its SIC code is 8600.

Unlock the full company data

50 free credits on sign-up, no credit card required.

Contact sales
Live signals