Developer docs
API playgroundTry for free, no card

Search company profiles

Ferticentro

Full company profile

uuid004f1c3

Namestring
Ferticentro
Legal namestring
Ferticentro - Centro de Estudos de Fertilidade, S.A.
Websiteurl
ferticentro.pt
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
2000
Descriptiontext

Ferticentro - Centro de Estudos de Fertilidade, S.A. is a private fertility clinic headquartered in Coimbra, Portugal, founded in 2000 and operating as a Portuguese sociedade anônima. It provides a comprehensive assisted reproductive technology (ART) portfolio including IVF, ICSI, egg and sperm donation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A/M/SR), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA) for lesbian couples. The clinic serves heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and single women, drawing both domestic Portuguese patients and an international cohort from the UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Brazil through a dedicated multilingual International Treatment Program.

The clinic's technology stack is anchored by EmbryoScope time-lapse incubators and RI Witness RFID sample tracking — both first-of-their-kind in Portugal, adopted in 2010 — and by AI-assisted embryo selection layered over time-lapse imagery. It operates Portugal's largest open-identity sperm and egg donor bank, providing transparent donor profiles, and has held NP EN ISO 9001 certification for over 15 years. Marketing and patient acquisition are run direct-to-consumer via a multi-language website, organic social, YouTube educational content, and Google Reviews (4.6 stars), with bottom-of-funnel conversion through online consultation booking.

Ferticentro monetises each treatment as a discrete professional service priced individually, with specific prices not publicly disclosed. Revenue mix is concentrated on core IVF/ICSI cycles supplemented by donor-bank and PGT add-ons, with international patients representing a strategically important premium segment. The company is privately held with no institutional capital raised, no disclosed parent, and no M&A activity to date; it operates from a single clinical site in Coimbra.

Short descriptiontext

Ferticentro is a privately held fertility clinic in Coimbra, Portugal, founded in 2000, offering IVF, ICSI, donor programs, PGT, and egg freezing to heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and solo mothers across Europe and Brazil.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
11–50
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersCoimbra, Portugal
HQ citystring
Coimbra
HQ countrystring
Portugal
HQ regionstring
Europe
Markets served

Serves global market

Offices1 record

Each record includes

City, Country, Type, Description, Source

Keyword5 values
fertility treatments, assisted reproduction, in vitro fertilization, gamete donation, preimplantation genetic testing
Industry4 codes
1Fertility, Reproductive Endocrinology & IVF Centers
CodeHLAFAJADPrimaryYes
2Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility (IVF/Fertility)
CodeHLAKAJACPrimaryNo
3Prenatal, Newborn & Reproductive Diagnostics (NIPT, IVF/PGT, newborn screening)
CodeHLAAALAJPrimaryNo
4Genetic & Prenatal Testing Laboratories
CodeHLAFAMAHPrimaryNo
NAICS code1 code
  • Family Planning Centers621410
SIC code1 code
  • In Vitro & In Vivo Diagnostic Substances2835
Product category
Reproductive Health Services
GTM motion2 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model1 record
1Fertility Treatment Services
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Revenue generated from providing assisted reproduction medical services including IVF, ICSI, egg donation, sperm donation, embryo screening, egg freezing, and intrauterine insemination. Treatments are priced individually with consultation booking required.

ferticentro.pt
Marketing channels8 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Stage, Description, Source

Distribution channels2 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Scope, Target buyer, Description, Source

Cost components6 values
Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Infrastructure, Marketing or Sales, Supply Chain
GTM typeB2C
B2C
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

Ferticentro is a fertility clinic providing assisted reproductive technology treatments including IVF, ICSI, egg and sperm donation, intrauterine insemination, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA). It operates Portugal's largest open-identity gamete donor bank and an international patient program serving patients from multiple European countries and Brazil. The clinic is supported by advanced laboratory technologies such as EmbryoScope time-lapse monitoring, RI Witness RFID tracking, and AI-assisted embryo selection.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Quantifiable outcome1 of 2 values shown
  • Successfully helped thousands of families worldwide achieve their family goals over 20+ years
+1 more record
Product overview1 text field

Ferticentro is a fertility clinic offering a comprehensive portfolio of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. The core offerings include In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), ICSI, egg and sperm donation programs, intrauterine insemination (IUI), preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA). These are supported by Portugal's largest open-identity gamete bank and an international patient program. Advanced laboratory technologies include EmbryoScope time-lapse monitoring and RI Witness RFID tracking, with AI-assisted embryo selection integrated into the IVF process. The clinic serves heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and single mothers.

Product and service10 records
1In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) / Fertilização In Vitro (FIV)
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

Core fertility treatment where eggs are collected from ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos for transfer to the uterus. Offered to heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, single women, and international patients.

2Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) / Microinjeção Intracitoplasmática de Espermatozóide
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

IVF technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to facilitate fertilisation, used when sperm quality is compromised. Offered to couples with male factor infertility.

3IVF with Egg Donation / FIV com Doação de Ovócitos
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

IVF treatment using donor eggs from the clinic's open-identity egg bank, combined with partner or donor sperm, for patients with ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality.

4IVF with Sperm Donation / FIV com Doação de Esperma
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

IVF treatment using donor sperm from Portugal's largest open-identity donor bank, for single mothers, lesbian couples, or couples with male factor infertility.

5Egg Freezing / Criopreservação de Ovócitos
CategoryFertility Preservation
Description

Fertility preservation service where eggs are frozen and stored for future use, allowing women to preserve their reproductive potential for later motherhood.

6Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) / Inseminação Intrauterina (IIU)
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

Fertility treatment where sperm is placed directly into the uterus to facilitate fertilisation, either with partner or donor sperm.

7Intrauterine Insemination with Donor Sperm (IAD) / Inseminação Artificial com Esperma de Dador
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

IUI procedure using donor sperm from the clinic's open-identity donor bank, for single women or lesbian couples.

8Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) / Diagnóstico Genético Pré-implantação
CategoryGenetic Testing
Description

Genetic testing of embryos before transfer, including PGT-A (aneuploidies), PGT-M (monogenic diseases), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements), to identify embryos without chromosomal or genetic abnormalities.

9Reciprocal IVF (ROPA) / Maternidade Partilhada
CategoryFertility Treatment
Description

Shared motherhood treatment for lesbian couples where one partner provides the eggs and the other carries the pregnancy, enabling both partners to participate biologically and legally in parenthood.

10International Treatment Program / Programa Internacional de Tratamentos
CategoryPatient Service Program
Description

Coordinated international patient program providing online consultations, treatment planning, logistical support (travel, accommodation), multilingual staff (7 languages), and post-treatment follow-up for patients traveling from abroad for treatment.

Scale indicator6 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Partnership1 partner
1Hotels and Apartments in Coimbra
Strategic tierMinorTypeOthers
Description

Ferticentro has agreements with hotels and apartments in Coimbra that provide preferential rates and availability for international patients traveling for treatment. Patient managers assist with booking these accommodations.

ferticentro.pt
Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight4 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers8 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

Barcelona-based fertility clinic with international reputation, multilingual patient services, and full ART portfolio including donor programs and PGT. Comparable to Ferticentro in size, target segments (heterosexual couples, single mothers, same-sex couples), and emphasis on international patient acquisition.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Madrid-based fertility clinic with a long-standing international patient department and full ART offering including IVF, ICSI, egg/sperm donation, and PGT. Comparable single-clinic positioning to Ferticentro with similar inbound-patient focus from across Europe.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Czech Republic-based fertility clinic group with an established international patient department, donor programs, and full ART portfolio. One of Ferticentro's strongest direct competitors for fertility-tourism volume from Western Europe, with comparable pricing positioning.

TypeDirect peer
Description

UK fertility clinic group offering the same ART treatments as Ferticentro (IVF, ICSI, donor programs, PGT) and competing for the same British and Irish outbound patients that Ferticentro markets to. Comparable in clinical breadth and patient-segment mix, but UK-domestic rather than a destination clinic.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Greek fertility clinic with explicit international patient programs, multilingual staff, and full ART services including egg/sperm donation and PGT. Competes with Ferticentro for European and UK fertility-tourism patients based on permissive legislation and lower-cost treatment cycles.

TypeDirect peer
Description

UK fertility clinic with a strong international patient and complex-cases focus, including mild/natural-cycle IVF and donor programs. Comparable to Ferticentro's complex-case and international positioning, though operating from the demand side of the same UK/European patient pool.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Barcelona-based fertility clinic group (now part of IVI-RMA) historically focused on international patients, egg donation, and donor matching — a near-identical go-to-market model to Ferticentro and one of its strongest European competitors for inbound fertility tourism from France, Belgium, and the UK.

TypeDirect peer
Description

The largest European fertility clinic network (Spain-originated, now global) with full ART services including IVF, ICSI, egg/sperm donation, PGT, and large-scale international patient programs. Direct comparable to Ferticentro in service mix and outbound cross-border positioning, but materially larger and multi-site.

Market position
Strengths4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Named customers9 records

Each record includes

Name, Industry, Type, Use case, Source, UUID

Segment4 records

Each record includes

Title, Type, Primary, Description, Pain point addressed, Use case, Source

Ideal customer profile4 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI capability4 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature4 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles3 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
Compliance1 record

Each record includes

Name, Class, Description

Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Ferticentro

Reproductive Health Servicesferticentro.pt

Ferticentro is a privately held fertility clinic in Coimbra, Portugal, founded in 2000, offering IVF, ICSI, donor programs, PGT, and egg freezing to heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and solo mothers across Europe and Brazil.

What Ferticentro does

Ferticentro - Centro de Estudos de Fertilidade, S.A. is a private fertility clinic headquartered in Coimbra, Portugal, founded in 2000 and operating as a Portuguese sociedade anônima. It provides a comprehensive assisted reproductive technology (ART) portfolio including IVF, ICSI, egg and sperm donation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A/M/SR), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA) for lesbian couples. The clinic serves heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and single women, drawing both domestic Portuguese patients and an international cohort from the UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Brazil through a dedicated multilingual International Treatment Program.

The clinic's technology stack is anchored by EmbryoScope time-lapse incubators and RI Witness RFID sample tracking — both first-of-their-kind in Portugal, adopted in 2010 — and by AI-assisted embryo selection layered over time-lapse imagery. It operates Portugal's largest open-identity sperm and egg donor bank, providing transparent donor profiles, and has held NP EN ISO 9001 certification for over 15 years. Marketing and patient acquisition are run direct-to-consumer via a multi-language website, organic social, YouTube educational content, and Google Reviews (4.6 stars), with bottom-of-funnel conversion through online consultation booking.

Ferticentro monetises each treatment as a discrete professional service priced individually, with specific prices not publicly disclosed. Revenue mix is concentrated on core IVF/ICSI cycles supplemented by donor-bank and PGT add-ons, with international patients representing a strategically important premium segment. The company is privately held with no institutional capital raised, no disclosed parent, and no M&A activity to date; it operates from a single clinical site in Coimbra.

Ferticentro firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Ferticentro
Legal name
Ferticentro - Centro de Estudos de Fertilidade, S.A.
Website
https://ferticentro.pt
Company type
Private
Founded year
2000
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
11–50 employees
Short description
Ferticentro is a privately held fertility clinic in Coimbra, Portugal, founded in 2000, offering IVF, ICSI, donor programs, PGT, and egg freezing to heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and solo mothers across Europe and Brazil.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Ferticentro industry classification

Industry
Product category
Reproductive Health Services
NAICS
Family Planning Centers (621410)
SIC
In Vitro & In Vivo Diagnostic Substances (2835)
akta.pro primary industry
Fertility, Reproductive Endocrinology & IVF Centers (HLAFAJAD)
akta.pro secondary industries
Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility (IVF/Fertility) (HLAKAJAC), Prenatal, Newborn & Reproductive Diagnostics (NIPT, IVF/PGT, newborn screening) (HLAAALAJ), Genetic & Prenatal Testing Laboratories (HLAFAMAH)

Keywords

  • Fertility treatments
  • Assisted reproduction
  • In vitro fertilization
  • Gamete donation
  • Preimplantation genetic testing

Where Ferticentro is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Coimbra
HQ country
Portugal
HQ region
Europe

Offices1 record

Markets served

Ferticentro business model

Business model
GTM type
B2C
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Technology or R&D, Infrastructure, Marketing or Sales, Supply Chain

Revenue model

  1. Fertility Treatment Services: Revenue generated from providing assisted reproduction medical services including IVF, ICSI, egg donation, sperm donation, embryo screening, egg freezing, and intrauterine insemination. Treatments are priced individually with consultation booking required.

Go-to-market motion2 records

Distribution channels2 records

Marketing channels8 records

Ferticentro product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Ferticentro is a fertility clinic providing assisted reproductive technology treatments including IVF, ICSI, egg and sperm donation, intrauterine insemination, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA). It operates Portugal's largest open-identity gamete donor bank and an international patient program serving patients from multiple European countries and Brazil. The clinic is supported by advanced laboratory technologies such as EmbryoScope time-lapse monitoring, RI Witness RFID tracking, and AI-assisted embryo selection.

Product overview

Ferticentro is a fertility clinic offering a comprehensive portfolio of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. The core offerings include In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), ICSI, egg and sperm donation programs, intrauterine insemination (IUI), preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA). These are supported by Portugal's largest open-identity gamete bank and an international patient program. Advanced laboratory technologies include EmbryoScope time-lapse monitoring and RI Witness RFID tracking, with AI-assisted embryo selection integrated into the IVF process. The clinic serves heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, and single mothers.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) / Fertilização In Vitro (FIV) Core fertility treatment where eggs are collected from ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos for transfer to the uterus. Offered to heterosexual couples, lesbian couples, single women, and international patients.
  • Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) / Microinjeção Intracitoplasmática de Espermatozóide IVF technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to facilitate fertilisation, used when sperm quality is compromised. Offered to couples with male factor infertility.
  • IVF with Egg Donation / FIV com Doação de Ovócitos IVF treatment using donor eggs from the clinic's open-identity egg bank, combined with partner or donor sperm, for patients with ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality.
  • IVF with Sperm Donation / FIV com Doação de Esperma IVF treatment using donor sperm from Portugal's largest open-identity donor bank, for single mothers, lesbian couples, or couples with male factor infertility.
  • Egg Freezing / Criopreservação de Ovócitos Fertility preservation service where eggs are frozen and stored for future use, allowing women to preserve their reproductive potential for later motherhood.
  • Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) / Inseminação Intrauterina (IIU) Fertility treatment where sperm is placed directly into the uterus to facilitate fertilisation, either with partner or donor sperm.
  • Intrauterine Insemination with Donor Sperm (IAD) / Inseminação Artificial com Esperma de Dador IUI procedure using donor sperm from the clinic's open-identity donor bank, for single women or lesbian couples.
  • Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) / Diagnóstico Genético Pré-implantação Genetic testing of embryos before transfer, including PGT-A (aneuploidies), PGT-M (monogenic diseases), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements), to identify embryos without chromosomal or genetic abnormalities.
  • Reciprocal IVF (ROPA) / Maternidade Partilhada Shared motherhood treatment for lesbian couples where one partner provides the eggs and the other carries the pregnancy, enabling both partners to participate biologically and legally in parenthood.
  • International Treatment Program / Programa Internacional de Tratamentos Coordinated international patient program providing online consultations, treatment planning, logistical support (travel, accommodation), multilingual staff (7 languages), and post-treatment follow-up for patients traveling from abroad for treatment.

Quantifiable outcome

  • Successfully helped thousands of families worldwide achieve their family goals over 20+ years
  • +1 more outcomes

Companies that use Ferticentro

Customer profile

Named customers9 records

Segments4 records

Ideal customer profiles4 records

Ferticentro technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

AI capability4 records

Feature4 records

Ferticentro partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Partnerships

One partnership is on record.

  • Hotels and Apartments in CoimbraminorOthersFerticentro has agreements with hotels and apartments in Coimbra that provide preferential rates and availability for international patients traveling for treatment. Patient managers assist with booking these accommodations.

Scale indicators6 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights4 records

Ferticentro competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • Institut Marquès: Barcelona-based fertility clinic with international reputation, multilingual patient services, and full ART portfolio including donor programs and PGT. Comparable to Ferticentro in size, target segments (heterosexual couples, single mothers, same-sex couples), and emphasis on international patient acquisition.
  • Clínica Tambre: Madrid-based fertility clinic with a long-standing international patient department and full ART offering including IVF, ICSI, egg/sperm donation, and PGT. Comparable single-clinic positioning to Ferticentro with similar inbound-patient focus from across Europe.
  • Reprofit International: Czech Republic-based fertility clinic group with an established international patient department, donor programs, and full ART portfolio. One of Ferticentro's strongest direct competitors for fertility-tourism volume from Western Europe, with comparable pricing positioning.
  • CARE Fertility: UK fertility clinic group offering the same ART treatments as Ferticentro (IVF, ICSI, donor programs, PGT) and competing for the same British and Irish outbound patients that Ferticentro markets to. Comparable in clinical breadth and patient-segment mix, but UK-domestic rather than a destination clinic.
  • Newlife IVF Greece: Greek fertility clinic with explicit international patient programs, multilingual staff, and full ART services including egg/sperm donation and PGT. Competes with Ferticentro for European and UK fertility-tourism patients based on permissive legislation and lower-cost treatment cycles.
  • CREATE Fertility: UK fertility clinic with a strong international patient and complex-cases focus, including mild/natural-cycle IVF and donor programs. Comparable to Ferticentro's complex-case and international positioning, though operating from the demand side of the same UK/European patient pool.
  • Eugin: Barcelona-based fertility clinic group (now part of IVI-RMA) historically focused on international patients, egg donation, and donor matching — a near-identical go-to-market model to Ferticentro and one of its strongest European competitors for inbound fertility tourism from France, Belgium, and the UK.
  • IVI-RMA Global: The largest European fertility clinic network (Spain-originated, now global) with full ART services including IVF, ICSI, egg/sperm donation, PGT, and large-scale international patient programs. Direct comparable to Ferticentro in service mix and outbound cross-border positioning, but materially larger and multi-site.

Market position

Strengths4 records

Weaknesses4 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks6 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

Ferticentro social profiles

Digital presence

Ferticentro compliance and trust

Trust signal

Compliance1 record

Ferticentro financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Ferticentro leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles3 records

Ferticentro funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Ferticentro M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Ferticentro

What does Ferticentro do?

Ferticentro is a fertility clinic providing assisted reproductive technology treatments including IVF, ICSI, egg and sperm donation, intrauterine insemination, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), egg freezing, and reciprocal IVF (ROPA). It operates Portugal's largest open-identity gamete donor bank and an international patient program serving patients from multiple European countries and Brazil. The clinic is supported by advanced laboratory technologies such as EmbryoScope time-lapse monitoring, RI Witness RFID tracking, and AI-assisted embryo selection.

Is Ferticentro a public or private company?

Ferticentro is a private company. It is classified as unknown and is currently operating.

When was Ferticentro founded?

Ferticentro was founded in 2000. It employs 11 to 50 people.

Where is Ferticentro based?

Ferticentro is headquartered in Coimbra, Portugal, in the Europe region.

How does Ferticentro make money?

One revenue line is on record: fertility Treatment Services.

Who are Ferticentro's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are Institut Marquès, Clínica Tambre, Reprofit International, CARE Fertility, Newlife IVF Greece, CREATE Fertility, Eugin and IVI-RMA Global.

Does Ferticentro have an API?

No public API is recorded for Ferticentro.

What industry is Ferticentro in?

Ferticentro's product category is Reproductive Health Services. Its primary akta.pro industry code is HLAFAJAD, Fertility, Reproductive Endocrinology & IVF Centers, with a secondary code of HLAKAJAC, Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility (IVF/Fertility). Its NAICS code is 621410 and its SIC code is 2835.

Unlock the full company data

50 free credits on sign-up, no credit card required.

Contact sales