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Applied Marketing Science

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uuid00071mh

Namestring
Applied Marketing Science
Legal namestring
Applied Marketing Science, Inc.
Websiteurl
ams-inc.com
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
1989
Descriptiontext

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a privately held market research and consulting firm headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989 by MIT Sloan Professor John Hauser and Robert Klein (former Executive Vice President of Information Resources, Inc.). The firm operates two distinct practices under one corporate umbrella: the Insights for Innovation practice, delivered through ams-insights.com, which conducts Voice of the Customer programs, conjoint and discrete-choice analysis, pricing research, and innovation consulting for corporate clients in industrial, medical, financial, high tech, and consumer markets; and the Litigation Support practice, delivered through ams-litigation.com, which designs consumer surveys, supplies expert witness testimony, and provides rebuttal critiques for matters including trademark and trade dress infringement, deceptive advertising, class action issues, patent infringement, claim substantiation, and antitrust disputes. AMS serves clients in the United States and abroad (Latin America, Europe, Asia) on a project-based, professional services engagement model, with no publicly disclosed pricing.

The firm's methodology is anchored in MIT Sloan School of Management frameworks, supplemented by proprietary assets including the VOCALYST product, a custom-built online survey platform maintained in-house for 30 years, the FastPace adaptive conjoint analysis technique (winner of the 2003 John D. C. Little Award), and the RAPIDS sales force optimization tool. AMS holds ISO 27001 and ISO 27018 certifications for its Information Security Management System and maintains GDPR and CCPA compliance programs. Applied machine learning capabilities, developed in collaboration with MIT Sloan researchers, were validated by a 2023 Quirk's Marketing Research and Insight Excellence Award for a Boston Children's Hospital study; the firm's leadership has also publicly presented on generative AI applications in market research. Go-to-market is consultative and principal-led, supplemented by heavy conference participation (PDMA, INTA, Insights Association, TMRE, Intellus, Front End of Innovation), thought-leadership publishing, and academic affiliations with MIT, Yale, NYU, and Bentley. The firm is independently owned with no institutional investors or public listing disclosed.

Short descriptiontext

Applied Marketing Science is a privately held Burlington, Massachusetts-based market research and consulting firm founded in 1989 by MIT Sloan Professor John Hauser, operating two practices—Insights for Innovation and Litigation Support—delivering conjoint analysis, consumer surveys, expert witness testimony, and proprietary MIT-rooted methods to corporate clients and law firms across multiple industries worldwide.

Operating statusenum
Operating
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
11–50
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersWaltham, United States
HQ citystring
Waltham
HQ countrystring
United States
HQ regionstring
North America
Markets served

Serves global market

Keyword5 values
market research consulting, consumer survey research, litigation support services, voice of customer research, expert witness testimony
NAICS code2 codes
  • Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services54
  • Management Consulting Services54161
SIC code2 codes
  • Services-Management Consulting Services8742
  • Services-Testing Laboratories8734
Product category
Market Research and Consulting
GTM motion3 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

Revenue model3 records
1Insights for Innovation consulting
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Custom market research and consulting engagements for corporate clients in industrial, medical, financial, high tech, consumer and other markets. Engagements are project-based and led by principals and managers, covering Voice of the Customer programs, product development research, and customer experience design.

ams-inc.com
2Litigation Support services
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Consumer survey design/execution, expert witness testimony, rebuttal critiques, and deposition/trial preparation guidance for attorneys and courts in trademark, trade dress, deceptive advertising, class action, patent infringement, antitrust, and claim substantiation matters.

ams-inc.com
3Training and coaching programs
TypeProfessional Services
Description

Training and coaching programs that help clients develop in-house insights and Voice of the Customer (VOC) capabilities, delivered alongside consulting engagements.

ams-inc.com
Cost components5 values
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D, Infrastructure
Pricing details1 tier
1Custom project-based engagements; quote-based pricing not publicly disclosed.
ModelOther
Notes

Pricing is tailored per engagement; no published rate cards, tiers, or packages appear on the website.

ams-inc.com
GTM typeB2B
B2B
Offering typeServices
Services
Core offering1 text field

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a market research and consulting firm based in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989. The firm operates two core practice areas: (1) Insights for Innovation, which conducts custom research and training using MIT Sloan School of Management methods to help clients develop innovative products and distinctive customer experiences, and (2) Litigation Support, which designs and executes consumer surveys and provides expert witness testimony for matters involving trademark/trade dress, deceptive advertising, class actions, patent infringement, antitrust, and claim substantiation. AMS also offers VOCALYST, a proprietary product developed by founder Robert Klein.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Product overview1 text field

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a market research and consulting firm based in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989 by Professor John Hauser of the MIT Sloan School of Management. AMS operates as a unified firm offering two core service practices under one corporate umbrella: the Insights for Innovation practice (delivered through ams-insights.com) and the Litigation Support practice (delivered through ams-litigation.com). The Insights for Innovation practice conducts research and training to help clients create innovative products and distinctive customer experiences using methods developed at the MIT Sloan School of Management. The Litigation Support practice conducts consumer surveys and provides expert witness testimony for matters including trademark and trade dress infringement, deceptive advertising, class action issues, patent infringement, claim substantiation, and antitrust issues. AMS also offers VOCALYST, a proprietary product for which technical and marketing development was led by Founder and Chairman Emeritus Robert Klein. Together, the two practices and the VOCALYST product constitute AMS's portfolio of research, consulting, and expert witness offerings.

Product and service4 records
1Insights for Innovation
CategoryMarket research and consulting practice
Description

Custom market research and consulting practice serving industrial, medical, financial, high tech, consumer and other markets. Uses MIT Sloan School of Management methods (conjoint analysis, Voice of the Customer, discrete choice modeling) to help clients create innovative products and distinctive customer experiences, increase innovation success, and improve customer satisfaction and loyalty.

2Litigation Support
CategoryLitigation support and expert witness services
Description

Consumer survey design and execution, expert witness testimony, rebuttal critiques, and deposition/trial preparation guidance for attorneys and courts. Covers trademark and trade dress infringement, deceptive advertising, class action issues, patent infringement, claim substantiation, and antitrust matters.

3VOCALYST
CategoryProprietary research product
Description

Proprietary product developed by AMS for which Founder and Chairman Emeritus Robert Klein was responsible for technical and marketing development, positioned as part of the firm's innovation offering.

4Training and Coaching Programs
CategoryProfessional training services
Description

Training and coaching programs that help clients develop in-house insights and Voice of the Customer (VOC) capabilities, delivered alongside consulting engagements.

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight5 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Global market research conglomerate with a sizable litigation support and public-sector research practice. Overlaps with AMS across both practice areas but operates at vastly greater scale and broader portfolio.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Litigation-focused trial consulting and survey research firm offering expert witness services in IP and class action matters. Comparable to AMS Litigation Support in expert testimony and survey methodology.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Global research and consulting giant offering brand, innovation, and litigation-related research services. Adjacent incumbent competing for the same Fortune 500 client budgets as AMS.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Mid-sized insights and strategy firm with strong conjoint and segmentation capabilities serving consumer and B2B markets. Directly comparable in offering mix and methodology orientation to AMS's Innovation practice.

TypeEmerging player
Description

Data collection and qualitative research services firm supporting both corporate research and litigation survey work. Partial overlap with AMS's field operations and qualitative methodologies.

6SKIM
TypeDirect peer
Description

Global market research and consulting firm specializing in conjoint analysis, discrete choice modeling, and pricing research with strong academic-methodology roots. Closely comparable to AMS's Insights for Innovation practice in methodology stack and client profile.

TypeDirect peer
Description

U.S.-based marketing research and analytical consulting firm with a long-standing conjoint analysis practice and broad methodology toolkit. Directly comparable to AMS in offering quantitative innovation research for CPG and B2B clients.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Employee-owned research firm combining large-scale survey research with litigation and survey methodology support for federal agencies and law firms. Comparable to AMS across both Insights and Litigation Support practices.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Litigation-focused market research and consulting firm providing expert survey research and testimony in trademark, false advertising, and class action matters. Direct overlap with AMS's Litigation Support practice in expert witness and survey design.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Boutique quantitative market research consultancy serving legal, B2B, and consumer clients with survey design and analysis capabilities. Comparable in scale, methodology focus, and litigation exposure to AMS.

Market position
Strengths4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Ideal customer profile2 records

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
No
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI capability4 records

Each record includes

Type, Description, Source

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Feature7 records

Each record includes

Title, Differentiator, Description, Source

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles14 records

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

No data
Compliance4 records

Each record includes

Name, Class, Description

Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Applied Marketing Science

Market Research and Consultingams-inc.com

Applied Marketing Science is a privately held Burlington, Massachusetts-based market research and consulting firm founded in 1989 by MIT Sloan Professor John Hauser, operating two practices—Insights for Innovation and Litigation Support—delivering conjoint analysis, consumer surveys, expert witness testimony, and proprietary MIT-rooted methods to corporate clients and law firms across multiple industries worldwide.

What Applied Marketing Science does

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a privately held market research and consulting firm headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989 by MIT Sloan Professor John Hauser and Robert Klein (former Executive Vice President of Information Resources, Inc.). The firm operates two distinct practices under one corporate umbrella: the Insights for Innovation practice, delivered through ams-insights.com, which conducts Voice of the Customer programs, conjoint and discrete-choice analysis, pricing research, and innovation consulting for corporate clients in industrial, medical, financial, high tech, and consumer markets; and the Litigation Support practice, delivered through ams-litigation.com, which designs consumer surveys, supplies expert witness testimony, and provides rebuttal critiques for matters including trademark and trade dress infringement, deceptive advertising, class action issues, patent infringement, claim substantiation, and antitrust disputes. AMS serves clients in the United States and abroad (Latin America, Europe, Asia) on a project-based, professional services engagement model, with no publicly disclosed pricing.

The firm's methodology is anchored in MIT Sloan School of Management frameworks, supplemented by proprietary assets including the VOCALYST product, a custom-built online survey platform maintained in-house for 30 years, the FastPace adaptive conjoint analysis technique (winner of the 2003 John D. C. Little Award), and the RAPIDS sales force optimization tool. AMS holds ISO 27001 and ISO 27018 certifications for its Information Security Management System and maintains GDPR and CCPA compliance programs. Applied machine learning capabilities, developed in collaboration with MIT Sloan researchers, were validated by a 2023 Quirk's Marketing Research and Insight Excellence Award for a Boston Children's Hospital study; the firm's leadership has also publicly presented on generative AI applications in market research. Go-to-market is consultative and principal-led, supplemented by heavy conference participation (PDMA, INTA, Insights Association, TMRE, Intellus, Front End of Innovation), thought-leadership publishing, and academic affiliations with MIT, Yale, NYU, and Bentley. The firm is independently owned with no institutional investors or public listing disclosed.

Applied Marketing Science firmographics

Firmographics
Name
Applied Marketing Science
Legal name
Applied Marketing Science, Inc.
Website
https://ams-inc.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
1989
Operating status
Operating
Headcount range
11–50 employees
Short description
Applied Marketing Science is a privately held Burlington, Massachusetts-based market research and consulting firm founded in 1989 by MIT Sloan Professor John Hauser, operating two practices—Insights for Innovation and Litigation Support—delivering conjoint analysis, consumer surveys, expert witness testimony, and proprietary MIT-rooted methods to corporate clients and law firms across multiple industries worldwide.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

Where Applied Marketing Science is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
Waltham
HQ country
United States
HQ region
North America

Markets served

Applied Marketing Science business model

Business model
GTM type
B2B
Offering type
Services
Cost components
Personnel, Operations, Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D, Infrastructure

Revenue model

  1. Insights for Innovation consulting: Custom market research and consulting engagements for corporate clients in industrial, medical, financial, high tech, consumer and other markets. Engagements are project-based and led by principals and managers, covering Voice of the Customer programs, product development research, and customer experience design.
  2. Litigation Support services: Consumer survey design/execution, expert witness testimony, rebuttal critiques, and deposition/trial preparation guidance for attorneys and courts in trademark, trade dress, deceptive advertising, class action, patent infringement, antitrust, and claim substantiation matters.
  3. Training and coaching programs: Training and coaching programs that help clients develop in-house insights and Voice of the Customer (VOC) capabilities, delivered alongside consulting engagements.

Pricing tiers

ModelBillingPrice
Other—Custom project-based engagements; quote-based pricing not publicly disclosed.

Go-to-market motion3 records

Applied Marketing Science product offering

Product offering

Core offering

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a market research and consulting firm based in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989. The firm operates two core practice areas: (1) Insights for Innovation, which conducts custom research and training using MIT Sloan School of Management methods to help clients develop innovative products and distinctive customer experiences, and (2) Litigation Support, which designs and executes consumer surveys and provides expert witness testimony for matters involving trademark/trade dress, deceptive advertising, class actions, patent infringement, antitrust, and claim substantiation. AMS also offers VOCALYST, a proprietary product developed by founder Robert Klein.

Product overview

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a market research and consulting firm based in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989 by Professor John Hauser of the MIT Sloan School of Management. AMS operates as a unified firm offering two core service practices under one corporate umbrella: the Insights for Innovation practice (delivered through ams-insights.com) and the Litigation Support practice (delivered through ams-litigation.com). The Insights for Innovation practice conducts research and training to help clients create innovative products and distinctive customer experiences using methods developed at the MIT Sloan School of Management. The Litigation Support practice conducts consumer surveys and provides expert witness testimony for matters including trademark and trade dress infringement, deceptive advertising, class action issues, patent infringement, claim substantiation, and antitrust issues. AMS also offers VOCALYST, a proprietary product for which technical and marketing development was led by Founder and Chairman Emeritus Robert Klein. Together, the two practices and the VOCALYST product constitute AMS's portfolio of research, consulting, and expert witness offerings.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • Insights for Innovation Custom market research and consulting practice serving industrial, medical, financial, high tech, consumer and other markets. Uses MIT Sloan School of Management methods (conjoint analysis, Voice of the Customer, discrete choice modeling) to help clients create innovative products and distinctive customer experiences, increase innovation success, and improve customer satisfaction and loyalty.
  • Litigation Support Consumer survey design and execution, expert witness testimony, rebuttal critiques, and deposition/trial preparation guidance for attorneys and courts. Covers trademark and trade dress infringement, deceptive advertising, class action issues, patent infringement, claim substantiation, and antitrust matters.
  • VOCALYST Proprietary product developed by AMS for which Founder and Chairman Emeritus Robert Klein was responsible for technical and marketing development, positioned as part of the firm's innovation offering.
  • Training and Coaching Programs Training and coaching programs that help clients develop in-house insights and Voice of the Customer (VOC) capabilities, delivered alongside consulting engagements.

Companies that use Applied Marketing Science

Customer profile

Ideal customer profiles2 records

Applied Marketing Science technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed No

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

AI capability4 records

Feature7 records

Applied Marketing Science partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights5 records

Applied Marketing Science competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Broad incumbents

  • Ipsos: Global market research conglomerate with a sizable litigation support and public-sector research practice. Overlaps with AMS across both practice areas but operates at vastly greater scale and broader portfolio.
  • Kantar: Global research and consulting giant offering brand, innovation, and litigation-related research services. Adjacent incumbent competing for the same Fortune 500 client budgets as AMS.

Direct peers

  • Trial Behavior Consulting: Litigation-focused trial consulting and survey research firm offering expert witness services in IP and class action matters. Comparable to AMS Litigation Support in expert testimony and survey methodology.
  • Radius Global Market Research: Mid-sized insights and strategy firm with strong conjoint and segmentation capabilities serving consumer and B2B markets. Directly comparable in offering mix and methodology orientation to AMS's Innovation practice.
  • SKIM: Global market research and consulting firm specializing in conjoint analysis, discrete choice modeling, and pricing research with strong academic-methodology roots. Closely comparable to AMS's Insights for Innovation practice in methodology stack and client profile.
  • Decision Analyst: U.S.-based marketing research and analytical consulting firm with a long-standing conjoint analysis practice and broad methodology toolkit. Directly comparable to AMS in offering quantitative innovation research for CPG and B2B clients.
  • Westat: Employee-owned research firm combining large-scale survey research with litigation and survey methodology support for federal agencies and law firms. Comparable to AMS across both Insights and Litigation Support practices.
  • Resolutions LLC: Litigation-focused market research and consulting firm providing expert survey research and testimony in trademark, false advertising, and class action matters. Direct overlap with AMS's Litigation Support practice in expert witness and survey design.
  • Logica Research: Boutique quantitative market research consultancy serving legal, B2B, and consumer clients with survey design and analysis capabilities. Comparable in scale, methodology focus, and litigation exposure to AMS.

Emerging players

  • Schlesinger Group: Data collection and qualitative research services firm supporting both corporate research and litigation survey work. Partial overlap with AMS's field operations and qualitative methodologies.

Market position

Strengths4 records

Weaknesses4 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks5 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

Applied Marketing Science social profiles

Digital presence

Applied Marketing Science compliance and trust

Trust signal

Compliance4 records

Applied Marketing Science financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

Applied Marketing Science leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles14 records

Applied Marketing Science funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Applied Marketing Science M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about Applied Marketing Science

What does Applied Marketing Science do?

Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) is a market research and consulting firm based in Burlington, Massachusetts, founded in 1989. The firm operates two core practice areas: (1) Insights for Innovation, which conducts custom research and training using MIT Sloan School of Management methods to help clients develop innovative products and distinctive customer experiences, and (2) Litigation Support, which designs and executes consumer surveys and provides expert witness testimony for matters involving trademark/trade dress, deceptive advertising, class actions, patent infringement, antitrust, and claim substantiation. AMS also offers VOCALYST, a proprietary product developed by founder Robert Klein.

Is Applied Marketing Science a public or private company?

Applied Marketing Science is a private company. It is classified as founder individual operated bootstrapped and is currently operating.

When was Applied Marketing Science founded?

Applied Marketing Science was founded in 1989. It employs 11 to 50 people.

Where is Applied Marketing Science based?

Applied Marketing Science is headquartered in Waltham, United States, in the North America region.

How does Applied Marketing Science make money?

Three revenue lines are on record. Insights for Innovation consulting is the primary driver. The others are litigation Support services and training and coaching programs.

Who are Applied Marketing Science's main competitors?

Broad incumbents on record are Ipsos and Kantar. Direct peers are Trial Behavior Consulting, Radius Global Market Research, SKIM, Decision Analyst, Westat, Resolutions LLC and Logica Research. Schlesinger Group is listed as an emerging player.

Does Applied Marketing Science have an API?

No public API is recorded for Applied Marketing Science.

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Live signals
NortonrosefulbrightConsumer markets webinar series: Master classNorton Rose Fulbright is hosting a webinar on September 17, 2026, focusing on the use of survey evidence in consumer false advertising and intellectual property litigation. The event will feature experts from Norton Rose Fulbright and Applied Marketing Science discussing strategies for designing and evaluating consumer deception surveys in legal proceedings. The session covers topics such as online panel reliability, AI impacts, and testing confusion in digital spaces.PrwebAMS Welcomes New Affiliate Dr. Suneal Bedi, Conjoint Analysis and Consumer Behavior ExpertApplied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) announced the addition of Dr. Suneal Bedi to its network of affiliated testifying survey experts. Dr. Bedi is an Associate Professor of Business Law and Ethics at Indiana University Kelley School of Business and an authority in consumer behavior and intellectual property. The announcement marks a routine expansion of AMS's expert roster and does not involve any financial transaction or strategic shift.PrwebKristyn Corrigan Appointed Treasurer of PDMA Executive BoardApplied Marketing Science announced that Kristyn Corrigan, Principal and leader of the firm's Insights for Innovation practice, has been appointed Treasurer of the Product Development and Management Association (PDMA) Executive Board. PDMA is a global professional association dedicated to advancing product development and innovation disciplines. In this role, Corrigan will oversee the organization's financial governance and contribute to strategic decisions shaping PDMA's long-term growth and member impact.PrwebAMS Welcomes New Affiliate Dr. Lucas Carden, Research Scientist and Testifying Survey ExpertApplied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) announced the addition of Lucas Carden, Ph.D. as a new affiliate testifying survey expert to its network. Dr. Carden brings over a decade of experience designing and executing consumer surveys for complex litigation matters, including cases involving likelihood of confusion, false advertising, and patent valuation. He serves as managing partner of FocusMark, LLC and has been retained as an expert in multiple U.S. District Court matters, as well as before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board and National Advertising Division.Ams-InsightsVoice of the Customer studies for Medical ManufacturersApplied Marketing Science conducted a global Voice of the Customer study for a major medical device manufacturer to evaluate whether to invest in emerging ophthalmologic surgical technology. The research revealed low enthusiasm for the new technology due to economic concerns and identified significant unmet needs in preoperative diagnostic processes instead. Consequently, the manufacturer redirected its R&D resources toward improving these diagnostic tools, anticipating broader impacts on other ophthalmologic conditions.Northwestern's McCormick School of EngineeringHow Companies Can Mine Online Reviews for Product-Development GoldResearchers from Kellogg and MIT Sloan partnered with Applied Marketing Science, Inc. (AMS) to study whether online customer reviews could replace traditional market research methods like interviews and focus groups for identifying customer needs. The study found that 97% of customer needs discovered through experiential interviews for oral-care products were also present in Amazon reviews, with the reviews identifying eight additional needs not captured in interviews. The researchers also developed a machine-learning algorithm that helped analysts achieve the same results in 20% fewer sentences, potentially enabling companies to conduct customer-need research more efficiently.