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The Stars Group

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uuid00055cn

Namestring
The Stars Group
Legal namestring
The Stars Group
Websiteurl
starsgroup.com
Company typeenum
Private
Founded yearint
2014
Descriptiontext

The Stars Group was a Toronto-headquartered, Ontario-incorporated global online gaming and gambling operator that owned and operated some of the most recognized consumer brands in the iGaming industry, most notably PokerStars, PokerStars Casino, BetStars, and Full Tilt. The company was built largely through a series of large acquisitions, beginning with the 2014 acquisition of Rational Group (~$4.9 billion) which brought PokerStars under its corporate umbrella, followed by the 2018 acquisitions of Sky Betting and Gaming (~$4.7 billion) and BetEasy (~$117.7 million), and earlier purchases of platform and content assets including Ongame (2012) and Cryptologic (2011). Its core products encompassed online poker, online casino, and online sports betting, delivered via proprietary real-money gaming platforms with associated mobile applications and a global footprint spanning the US, UK, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Australia, India, and Brazil.

The group was previously publicly listed on NASDAQ under the ticker TSG before being acquired by Flutter Entertainment in 2019 in a stock-for-stock transaction valued at approximately $6 billion, one of the largest M&A events in iGaming history. Following the transaction, The Stars Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Flutter Entertainment, integrating its brands into Flutter's broader portfolio alongside Paddy Power, Betfair, Sportsbet, and FanDuel. The business model was B2C real-money gaming, monetizing through player wagering across poker rake, casino hold, and sportsbook margin, with revenue tied to player activity and gaming handle. The acquisition rationale cited regulatory expansion, rising customer acquisition costs across online channels, and the need for vertical integration of technology platforms as drivers of the combination.

The Stars Group's competitive position rested on the scale and brand recognition of PokerStars, regulatory licensing across multiple jurisdictions, and a portfolio of complementary consumer brands acquired over a roughly eight-year period. Technical operations were led by technology leadership including a Managing Director of Technology, and the company employed between 1,001 and 5,000 people. As of the acquisition date, The Stars Group no longer operates as an independent entity and is fully integrated into Flutter Entertainment's global operations.

Short descriptiontext

The Stars Group was a global online gambling operator owning consumer brands including PokerStars, Full Tilt, and BetStars, serving real-money gaming customers across poker, casino, and sports betting in nine countries before its 2019 acquisition by Flutter Entertainment for approximately $6 billion.

Operating statusenum
Acquired
Ownership categoryenum
Headcount rangeband
1,001–5,000
akta.pro rankint
HeadquartersLondon, United Kingdom
HQ citystring
London
HQ countrystring
United Kingdom
HQ regionstring
Europe
Markets served

Serves global market

Keyword5 values
online poker, online casino, sports betting, iGaming operator, real money gaming
Industry2 codes
1Online Poker Operators (Real-Money)
CodeMPAEAEACPrimaryYes
2Online Bingo Casinos
CodeMPAEABAFPrimaryNo
NAICS code2 codes
  • Gambling Industries7132
  • Other Gambling Industries713290
Product category
Online Gaming and Gambling (iGaming)
Social media profiles2 records
Cost components5 values
Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D, Personnel, Operations, Others
GTM typeB2C
B2C
Offering typeDigital Commerce or Conte…
Digital Commerce or Content
Core offering1 text field

The Stars Group operated real-money online gaming and gambling products serving consumers in regulated markets worldwide, anchored by PokerStars, the flagship online poker brand. The product set spanned online poker (PokerStars, Full Tilt), online casino (PokerStars Casino), and online sports betting (BetStars), delivered through proprietary desktop and mobile platforms. Customers deposited funds, wagered real money on games and sporting events, and the company earned revenue primarily from rake, house edge, and betting margin.

Differentiator
Functional benefit
Problem solved
Product overview1 text field

The Stars Group was a global provider of online gaming products and services, most notably operating the PokerStars brand—one of the world's largest online poker platforms. In 2019, The Stars Group was acquired by Flutter Entertainment for approximately $6 billion and became integrated into Flutter's portfolio of gaming brands. The Stars Group's primary products included online poker, casino, and sports betting offerings, which are now part of Flutter Entertainment's global operations.

Product and service4 records
1PokerStars
CategoryOnline poker
Description

Real-money online poker platform offering cash games, multi-table tournaments, and sit-and-gos to adult consumers in regulated jurisdictions (e.g., the UK via pokerstars.uk). Features a downloadable desktop client, mobile apps, and a unified account/wallet that integrates with the operator's other gaming verticals.

2PokerStars Casino
CategoryOnline casino
Description

Real-money online casino product under the PokerStars brand, offering slots, table games, and live dealer content to existing PokerStars account holders and new players in regulated markets.

3BetStars
CategoryOnline sports betting
Description

Real-money online sports betting product offering pre-match and in-play wagering on major sports to adult consumers in regulated jurisdictions, sharing the same player wallet as PokerStars.

4Full Tilt
CategoryOnline poker
Description

Online poker brand owned by The Stars Group, historically a separate poker room (originally acquired by Rational Group in 2012 and held under the group's portfolio) offering real-money cash games and tournaments to players.

Scale indicator2 records

Each record includes

Type, Value, Description, Source

Recent move6 records

Each record includes

Date, Type, Title, Description, Source

Expansion highlight4 records

Each record includes

Type, Description

Peers10 records
TypeDirect peer
Description

Leading US-focused online sports betting and iGaming operator. Comparable as a digital-first operator competing for the same US online casino and sports betting wallet share that The Stars Group/FanDuel targets.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Parent company of The Stars Group since 2019 and one of the world's largest online betting and gaming operators (FanDuel, Paddy Power, Betfair, PokerStars). Comparable as a multi-brand iGaming conglomerate with overlapping product verticals in poker, casino, and sports betting.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Operator of 888poker, 888casino, and 888sport — a direct competitor in online poker, casino, and sports betting. Comparable as a publicly listed pure-play iGaming operator with the same product mix and target audience as The Stars Group.

TypeRegional player
Description

Nordic-focused iGaming platform and operator with a B2C presence in select European markets. Comparable as a smaller-scale multi-vertical online gambling operator with overlapping product categories and regulatory focus.

TypeBroad incumbent
Description

Major US land-based and online gaming conglomerate (Caesars Sportsbook, WSOP, Caesars Digital) with significant online casino and sports betting operations. Comparable as a large, multi-channel gambling operator with overlap in online gaming verticals.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Global digital gambling operator (Bet365 partner, Ladbrokes, Coral, PartyPoker, bwin) operating across online poker, sports betting, and casino. Directly comparable to The Stars Group as a multi-vertical online gambling group with a meaningful poker heritage.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Nordic-based online gambling operator (Betsson, Betsafe, NordicBet) with casino, poker, and sportsbook offerings. Comparable as a multi-brand iGaming operator with a similar product mix and European geographic focus.

TypeOthers
Description

B2B gambling software and platform provider powering many top-tier operators. Comparable as a poker/casino technology and platform provider rather than a direct B2C competitor, making it an enabling/ecosystem peer.

TypeDirect peer
Description

Operator of Unibet, Maria Casino, and 32Red — a pan-European online gambling group offering poker, casino, and sportsbook products. Directly comparable in multi-vertical digital gambling footprint across European regulated markets.

TypeDirect peer
Description

US online sports betting and iGaming joint venture between MGM Resorts and Entain. Directly comparable as a major US online casino and sportsbook operator competing head-to-head with PokerStars Casino in regulated US states.

Market position
Strengths4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Weaknesses4 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Competitive moat5 records

Each record includes

Type, Details

Key risks5 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Key highlights6 records

Each record includes

Headline, Details, Source

Customer concentration

Classification, Details

Ideal customer profile1 record

Each record includes

Profile, Firmographic size, Sales motion, Sales cycle length, Buying structure, Purchase trigger, Buyer persona, Geography, Industry vertical, Primary use case, Description, Pain points, Evidence proof points, Target buyer

Technology focused
Yes
API detail
Has APIbool
No

Docs URL, Description

AI maturity
App detail

Has app

Core technology
Revenue estimate
Valuation estimate
Number of profiles
Profiles1 record

Each record includes

Name, Designation, Designation category, Overview, Profile commentary, Source

Subsidiaries2 records

Each record includes

Name, Acquired on, Relationship type, Type, Business focus

No data
Funding overview

Funding stage, Last funding date, Total funding USD

Funding rounds2 records

Each record includes

Round, Amount USD, Date, Pre money valuation, Total investors, Investors, News

Investors

Each record includes

Name, Type, Date of entry, Rounds participated, Website

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

M&A7 records

Each record includes

Name, Acquisition type, Announced date, Completed date, Status, Website, News

Investment

Each record includes

Name, Round, Announced date, Lead investor, Website, News

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

The Stars Group

Online Gaming and Gambling (iGaming)starsgroup.com

The Stars Group was a global online gambling operator owning consumer brands including PokerStars, Full Tilt, and BetStars, serving real-money gaming customers across poker, casino, and sports betting in nine countries before its 2019 acquisition by Flutter Entertainment for approximately $6 billion.

What The Stars Group does

The Stars Group was a Toronto-headquartered, Ontario-incorporated global online gaming and gambling operator that owned and operated some of the most recognized consumer brands in the iGaming industry, most notably PokerStars, PokerStars Casino, BetStars, and Full Tilt. The company was built largely through a series of large acquisitions, beginning with the 2014 acquisition of Rational Group (~$4.9 billion) which brought PokerStars under its corporate umbrella, followed by the 2018 acquisitions of Sky Betting and Gaming (~$4.7 billion) and BetEasy (~$117.7 million), and earlier purchases of platform and content assets including Ongame (2012) and Cryptologic (2011). Its core products encompassed online poker, online casino, and online sports betting, delivered via proprietary real-money gaming platforms with associated mobile applications and a global footprint spanning the US, UK, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Australia, India, and Brazil.

The group was previously publicly listed on NASDAQ under the ticker TSG before being acquired by Flutter Entertainment in 2019 in a stock-for-stock transaction valued at approximately $6 billion, one of the largest M&A events in iGaming history. Following the transaction, The Stars Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Flutter Entertainment, integrating its brands into Flutter's broader portfolio alongside Paddy Power, Betfair, Sportsbet, and FanDuel. The business model was B2C real-money gaming, monetizing through player wagering across poker rake, casino hold, and sportsbook margin, with revenue tied to player activity and gaming handle. The acquisition rationale cited regulatory expansion, rising customer acquisition costs across online channels, and the need for vertical integration of technology platforms as drivers of the combination.

The Stars Group's competitive position rested on the scale and brand recognition of PokerStars, regulatory licensing across multiple jurisdictions, and a portfolio of complementary consumer brands acquired over a roughly eight-year period. Technical operations were led by technology leadership including a Managing Director of Technology, and the company employed between 1,001 and 5,000 people. As of the acquisition date, The Stars Group no longer operates as an independent entity and is fully integrated into Flutter Entertainment's global operations.

The Stars Group firmographics

Firmographics
Name
The Stars Group
Legal name
The Stars Group
Website
https://starsgroup.com
Company type
Private
Founded year
2014
Operating status
Acquired
Headcount range
1,001–5,000 employees
Short description
The Stars Group was a global online gambling operator owning consumer brands including PokerStars, Full Tilt, and BetStars, serving real-money gaming customers across poker, casino, and sports betting in nine countries before its 2019 acquisition by Flutter Entertainment for approximately $6 billion.
Ownership category
akta.pro rank

The Stars Group industry classification

Industry
Product category
Online Gaming and Gambling (iGaming)
NAICS
Gambling Industries (7132), Other Gambling Industries (713290)
akta.pro primary industry
Online Poker Operators (Real-Money) (MPAEAEAC)
akta.pro secondary industry
Online Bingo Casinos (MPAEABAF)

Keywords

  • Online poker
  • Online casino
  • Sports betting
  • IGaming operator
  • Real money gaming

Where The Stars Group is headquartered

Location

Headquarters

HQ city
London
HQ country
United Kingdom
HQ region
Europe

Markets served

The Stars Group business model

Business model
GTM type
B2C
Offering type
Digital Commerce or Content
Cost components
Marketing or Sales, Technology or R&D, Personnel, Operations, Others

The Stars Group product offering

Product offering

Core offering

The Stars Group operated real-money online gaming and gambling products serving consumers in regulated markets worldwide, anchored by PokerStars, the flagship online poker brand. The product set spanned online poker (PokerStars, Full Tilt), online casino (PokerStars Casino), and online sports betting (BetStars), delivered through proprietary desktop and mobile platforms. Customers deposited funds, wagered real money on games and sporting events, and the company earned revenue primarily from rake, house edge, and betting margin.

Product overview

The Stars Group was a global provider of online gaming products and services, most notably operating the PokerStars brand—one of the world's largest online poker platforms. In 2019, The Stars Group was acquired by Flutter Entertainment for approximately $6 billion and became integrated into Flutter's portfolio of gaming brands. The Stars Group's primary products included online poker, casino, and sports betting offerings, which are now part of Flutter Entertainment's global operations.

Differentiator

Problem solved

Functional benefit

Products and services

  • PokerStars Real-money online poker platform offering cash games, multi-table tournaments, and sit-and-gos to adult consumers in regulated jurisdictions (e.g., the UK via pokerstars.uk). Features a downloadable desktop client, mobile apps, and a unified account/wallet that integrates with the operator's other gaming verticals.
  • PokerStars Casino Real-money online casino product under the PokerStars brand, offering slots, table games, and live dealer content to existing PokerStars account holders and new players in regulated markets.
  • BetStars Real-money online sports betting product offering pre-match and in-play wagering on major sports to adult consumers in regulated jurisdictions, sharing the same player wallet as PokerStars.
  • Full Tilt Online poker brand owned by The Stars Group, historically a separate poker room (originally acquired by Rational Group in 2012 and held under the group's portfolio) offering real-money cash games and tournaments to players.

Companies that use The Stars Group

Customer profile

Ideal customer profiles1 record

The Stars Group technology and API

Technology

Technology focussed Yes

API detail

Has API
No
API docs
API detail

Core technology

AI maturity

App detail

The Stars Group partnerships and signals

Strategic signal

Scale indicators2 records

Recent moves6 records

Expansion highlights4 records

The Stars Group competitors and assessment

Company assessment

Direct peers

  • DraftKings: Leading US-focused online sports betting and iGaming operator. Comparable as a digital-first operator competing for the same US online casino and sports betting wallet share that The Stars Group/FanDuel targets.
  • 888 Holdings: Operator of 888poker, 888casino, and 888sport — a direct competitor in online poker, casino, and sports betting. Comparable as a publicly listed pure-play iGaming operator with the same product mix and target audience as The Stars Group.
  • Entain plc: Global digital gambling operator (Bet365 partner, Ladbrokes, Coral, PartyPoker, bwin) operating across online poker, sports betting, and casino. Directly comparable to The Stars Group as a multi-vertical online gambling group with a meaningful poker heritage.
  • Betsson AB: Nordic-based online gambling operator (Betsson, Betsafe, NordicBet) with casino, poker, and sportsbook offerings. Comparable as a multi-brand iGaming operator with a similar product mix and European geographic focus.
  • Kindred Group: Operator of Unibet, Maria Casino, and 32Red — a pan-European online gambling group offering poker, casino, and sportsbook products. Directly comparable in multi-vertical digital gambling footprint across European regulated markets.
  • BetMGM (joint venture): US online sports betting and iGaming joint venture between MGM Resorts and Entain. Directly comparable as a major US online casino and sportsbook operator competing head-to-head with PokerStars Casino in regulated US states.

Broad incumbents

  • Flutter Entertainment: Parent company of The Stars Group since 2019 and one of the world's largest online betting and gaming operators (FanDuel, Paddy Power, Betfair, PokerStars). Comparable as a multi-brand iGaming conglomerate with overlapping product verticals in poker, casino, and sports betting.
  • Caesars Entertainment: Major US land-based and online gaming conglomerate (Caesars Sportsbook, WSOP, Caesars Digital) with significant online casino and sports betting operations. Comparable as a large, multi-channel gambling operator with overlap in online gaming verticals.

Regional players

  • Gaming Innovation Group (GiG): Nordic-focused iGaming platform and operator with a B2C presence in select European markets. Comparable as a smaller-scale multi-vertical online gambling operator with overlapping product categories and regulatory focus.

Others

  • Playtech plc: B2B gambling software and platform provider powering many top-tier operators. Comparable as a poker/casino technology and platform provider rather than a direct B2C competitor, making it an enabling/ecosystem peer.

Market position

Strengths4 records

Weaknesses4 records

Competitive moat5 records

Key risks5 records

Key highlights6 records

Customer concentration

The Stars Group social profiles

Digital presence

The Stars Group financial estimates

Financial estimate

Revenue estimate

Valuation estimate

The Stars Group leadership team

Management profile

Number of profiles

Profiles1 record

The Stars Group subsidiaries and ownership

Company hierarchy

Subsidiaries2 records

The Stars Group funding detail

Funding detail

Funding overview

Funding rounds2 records

Investors

Funding detail is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

The Stars Group M&A and investment

M&A and investment

M&A7 records

Investments

M&A and investment is available on the Subscription and Enterprise plan.Contact sales →

Frequently asked questions about The Stars Group

What does The Stars Group do?

The Stars Group operated real-money online gaming and gambling products serving consumers in regulated markets worldwide, anchored by PokerStars, the flagship online poker brand. The product set spanned online poker (PokerStars, Full Tilt), online casino (PokerStars Casino), and online sports betting (BetStars), delivered through proprietary desktop and mobile platforms. Customers deposited funds, wagered real money on games and sporting events, and the company earned revenue primarily from rake, house edge, and betting margin.

Is The Stars Group a public or private company?

The Stars Group is a private company. It is classified as corporate owned and is currently acquired.

When was The Stars Group founded?

The Stars Group was founded in 2014. It employs 1,001 to 5,000 people.

Where is The Stars Group based?

The Stars Group is headquartered in London, United Kingdom, in the Europe region.

Who are The Stars Group's main competitors?

Direct peers on record are DraftKings, 888 Holdings, Entain plc, Betsson AB, Kindred Group and BetMGM (joint venture). Broad incumbents are Flutter Entertainment and Caesars Entertainment. Gaming Innovation Group (GiG) is listed as a regional player. Playtech plc is listed as an others.

Does The Stars Group have an API?

No public API is recorded for The Stars Group.

What industry is The Stars Group in?

The Stars Group's product category is Online Gaming and Gambling (iGaming). Its primary akta.pro industry code is MPAEAEAC, Online Poker Operators (Real-Money), with a secondary code of MPAEABAF, Online Bingo Casinos. Its NAICS code is 7132.

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Live signals
PR NewswireATENCIÓN AMAYA INC. ACCIONISTAS DESDE 2016: se llevará a cabo audiencia de aprobación de acuerdoThe Quebec Superior Court has scheduled a hearing on October 30, 2023 in Montreal to approve a proposed CAD $1.8 million settlement in a class action lawsuit filed against David Baazov on behalf of investors who acquired Amaya Inc. (now The Stars Group Inc.) securities between February 1 and November 21, 2016. The proposed settlement, reached without admission of liability by the defendant, would distribute proceeds asymmetrically: 15% to investors who purchased between February 1 and November 13, 2016 (Class I), and 85% to investors who purchased on or after November 14, 2016 (Class II). If approved, class members will be notified with instructions to submit claim forms for distribution.PR NewswireWorldwide Online Gambling Industry to 2030 - Players Profiled Include bet365, GVC Holdings and The Stars Group Among OthersResearch and Markets has published a market report titled 'Online Gambling Global Market Opportunities and Strategies to 2030: COVID-19 Growth and Change', providing comprehensive analysis of the global online gambling market. The global online gambling market was valued at approximately $58.96 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach $185.74 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 10.4%. The report identifies major players including bet365 Group Ltd., GVC Holdings PLC, The Stars Group Inc., Flutter Entertainment plc, and Kindred Group plc, while noting that the top ten competitors held just 26.1% of the total market in 2019, indicating a fragmented industry.PR NewswireStars Group Holdings B.V. and Stars Group (US) Co-Borrower, LLC announce results of Consent Solicitation relating to the US$1,000,000,000 in aggregate principal amount outstanding of 7.00% Senior NoteStars Group Holdings B.V. and its US co-borrower obtained the necessary consents from noteholders to amend the terms of their $1 billion senior notes due 2026. This consent solicitation is a prerequisite for the proposed business combination with Flutter Entertainment, which is expected to complete on May 5, 2020. The successful solicitation allows the companies to proceed with executing the supplemental indenture and making the associated consent payment.PR NewswireThe Stars Group Provides Update on Completion of Flutter CombinationThe Stars Group Inc. announced it expects to complete its pending combination with Flutter Entertainment plc on May 5, 2020, following overwhelming shareholder approval and receipt of all remaining regulatory approvals. The Ontario Superior Court of Justice issued a final order approving the transaction on April 28, 2020, with The Stars Group shareholders set to receive 0.2253 Flutter ordinary shares for each common share. The combination will create a global leader in online betting and gaming with brands including PokerStars, Sky Bet, and Fox Bet under unified ownership.PR NewswireStars Group Holdings B.V. and Stars Group (US) Co-Borrower, LLC announce Consent Solicitation relating to the US$1,000,000,000 in aggregate principal amount outstanding of 7.00% Senior Notes due 2026Stars Group Holdings B.V. and Stars Group (US) Co-Borrower, LLC have commenced a consent solicitation for holders of their US$1 billion 7.00% Senior Notes due 2026, seeking approval for proposed amendments to the indenture in connection with Flutter Entertainment plc's acquisition of The Stars Group Inc. The amendments would extend restrictive covenants to the entire combined group post-merger and synchronize reporting obligations, with a consent payment of US$2.50 per US$1,000 principal amount offered to participating holders. The combination, expected to close in early May 2020, would result in Flutter shareholders owning 54.64% and TSG shareholders owning 45.36% of the combined entity on a fully diluted basis.PR NewswireThe Stars Group Provides First Quarter and General Business UpdateThe Stars Group Inc. reported record first quarter 2020 revenues of approximately $735 million, representing 27% year-over-year growth from $580 million in Q1 2019, driven by increased online poker and casino activity during the COVID-19 pandemic that offset sports betting disruptions. The company expects its all-share combination with Flutter Entertainment plc to close in Q2 2020, following unconditional clearance from the UK Competition and Markets Authority and positive recommendations from proxy advisory firms ISS and Glass Lewis. The company maintains strong liquidity of approximately $1 billion and has received operating approvals to launch sports betting in Colorado and West Virginia.PR NewswireThe Stars Group Provides Business UpdateThe Stars Group reported strong year-to-date performance with revenue growth in its UK and Australia segments, while noting that the coronavirus outbreak has caused global cancellations of major sporting events. The company highlighted that 62% of its 2019 revenue came from poker and gaming, providing confidence in its ability to drive growth despite potential disruptions to sports betting.PR NewswireThe Stars Group Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2019 ResultsThe Stars Group reported fourth quarter and full year 2019 financial results, with Q4 2019 revenue of $688 million (up 5.4% year-over-year) and full year revenue of $2.53 billion (up 24.6% year-over-year), driven primarily by acquisitions and strong performance in the United Kingdom segment. The company reported Q4 2019 net earnings of $81.3 million compared to a net loss of $38.2 million in Q4 2018, and prepaid over $450 million of debt during 2019 while also announcing a pending all-share combination with Flutter Entertainment expected to close in mid-2020.YahooThe Stars Group (TSG) Q4 Earnings and Revenues Beat EstimatesThe Stars Group reported Q4 EPS of $0.49, beating the $0.42 consensus estimate, and revenues of $687.96 million, up 2.22% from the $652.85 million prior-year figure. The company has surpassed consensus EPS estimates three times in four quarters, and its Zacks Rank is #2 (Buy) based on favorable estimate revisions.PR NewswireGlobal Gambling Market Forecasts (2020-2024) with Coverage of International Games Technology Plc, Flutter Entertainment, Scientific Games Corporation and The Stars GroupResearchAndMarkets has published a report forecasting positive growth for the global gambling market between 2020 and 2024, driven by factors such as increased spending power, device penetration, and legalization in regions like the US. The analysis covers key regional markets including America and Europe, specifically highlighting Italy, the UK, and France, while noting challenges such as negative public perception and connectivity issues.